Commonwealth Numbered Regulations - Explanatory Statements

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CIVIL AVIATION AMENDMENT REGULATIONS 2003 (NO. 5) 2003 NO. 201

Statutory Rules 2003 No. 201

Issued by the authority of the Minister for Transport and Regional Services

Civil Aviation Act 1988

Civil Aviation Amendment Regulations 2003 (No. 5)

Section 98 of the Civil Aviation Act 1988 provides that the Governor-General may make regulations for the purposes of the Act, including inter alia regulations imposing penalties for contraventions of the regulations: paragraph 98 (3) (p).

The purpose of the Regulations is to ensure that the existing offence provisions in the Civil Aviation Regulations 1988 continue to operate in the same manner as they did prior to the application of the Criminal Code Act 1995 (the Criminal Code) to all Commonwealth legislation on 15 December 2001.

Chapter 2 of the Criminal Code contains general principles of criminal responsibility that apply to the offence provisions contained in the Criminal Code and all other Commonwealth offence provisions. If regulations containing existing offence provisions are not amended to have regard to the Criminal Code, the Criminal Code may alter the interpretation of those offence provisions.

Chapter 2 adopts the common law approach of subjective fault based principles. It clarifies the traditional distinction of dividing offences into actus reus (the physical act, now referred to as the physical element) and mens rea (what the defendant thought or intended, now referred to as the fault element).

The prosecution bears the onus of proving each of the elements of an offence. Each offence must contain at least one physical element, and for every physical element of an offence, the prosecution must also prove a corresponding fault element. If legislation containing an offence provision does not specify a fault element for a physical element of the offence, the Criminal Code applies a default fault element under Section 5.6 of the Criminal Code.

In relation to an offence that operates as a strict liability offence, a fault element can only be dispensed with in relation to the offence (or in relation to a particular element of an offence) if the offence specifies that it is a strict liability offence (or that a particular element is a strict liability element). Strict liability offences are offences where proof of a fault element is not required. The defence of mistake of fact is available for a strict liability offence (or a strict liability element of an offence). In the absence of express reference to the fact that an offence is a strict liability offence, a court will be obliged by the Criminal Code to interpret the offence as a fault offence rather than a strict liability offence, and will require proof of fault elements in relation to the physical elements of the offence.

The Regulations amend the Civil Aviation Regulations 1988.

The Regulations:

•       specify that an offence is one of strict liability;

•       separate defences from offences and identify the evidential burden in relation to the defence;

•       restructure offence provisions to clarify that provisos are elements of the offence;

•       clarify the physical elements of an offence;

•       omit general offence provisions;

•       clarify the actor for an offence;

•       remove fault elements to attract Criminal Code default fault elements;

•       clarify the meaning of phrases relating to time period;

•       substitute more appropriate expressions for less clear ones, to give greater clarity to the offence provision;

•       omit offence or defence provisions that have equivalent Criminal Code provisions;

•       introduce numbering for, or renumber, certain provisions;

•       place or reword the applicable penalty after each offence provision;

•       provide a definition for "engage in conduct"; and

•       substitute references to repealed provisions of the Crimes Act 1914 with equivalent Criminal Code provisions.

The Criminal Code harmonisation process has received prior approval of the Office of Regulation Review (ORR). In respect of those amendments that are beyond the harmonisation process, the ORR has determined that they are mechanical and minor in nature, do not have a direct or significant impact on business and do not restrict competition, and therefore a Regulation Impact Statement is not required.

Details of the Regulations are set out in the Attachment.

The Regulations commenced on gazettal.

ATTACHMENT

Civil Aviation Amendment Regulations 2003 (No. 5)

DETAILS OF THE AMENDING REGULATIONS

Regulation 1 - Name of Regulations

Regulation 1 names the Regulations as the Civil Aviation Amendment Regulations 2003 (No. 5).

Regulation 2 - Commencement

Regulation 2 provides that the Regulations commence on gazettal.

Regulation 3 - Amendment of Civil Aviation Regulations 1988

The Regulations specified in Schedule 1 are amended as follows:

1.       Ensuring strict liability offences remain strict liability offences

The Regulations provide that each of the offences (or particular elements of offences) listed in Table 1 below will be offences (or elements) of strict liability.

An offence of strict liability is an offence where no fault elements apply to the physical elements of the offence. A fault element can only be dispensed with in relation to an offence (or in relation to a particular element of an offence) if the offence provision specifies that it is a strict liability offence (or that a particular element is a strict liability element). The defence of mistake of fact is available for a strict liability offence (or a strict liability element of an offence). In the absence of express reference that an offence (or element of an offence) is strict liability, a court will be obliged by the Criminal Code Act 1995 to interpret the offence (or element of the offence) as a fault offence (or fault element) rather than a strict liability offence (or fault element), and will require proof of fault elements in relation to the physical elements of the offence (or element of the offence).

The regulations identified in Table 1 below currently provide for strict liability offences (or contain strict liability elements of offences). The amendments ensure that the offences (or elements of the offences) continue to operate as strict liability offences following application of the Criminal Code.

Table 1 - Strict liability offences

Column 1	Column 2
Item of Schedule 1 of proposed Regulations	Provision of regulations being amended
3	6A
6	13C
9	13D
11	13E
12	13F
14	13G
17	13I
19	13R
21	29
23	30
24	30
26	30B
27	31
29	31
32	33B
33	33F
35	33I
37	34
39	34
41	35
42	36A
43	37
45	38
47	39
50	41
53	42U
54	42V
61	42W
63	42X
64	42ZA
65	42ZC
67	42ZD
68	42ZE
73	42ZN
75	42ZP
78	42ZV
79	42ZW
80	42ZY
81	42ZZ
83	42ZZA
86	43
87	43A
89	43B
90	44
92	46
94	47
97	50A
100	50B
101	50C
103	50D
104	50F
106	51A
109	51B
112	52
113	52B
114	53
115	55
119	57
123	58
125	59
126	60
127	61
128	5.04
130	5.05
132	5.06
140	5.07
142	5.11
143	5.16
144	5.20
145	5.21
146	5.25
147	5.26F
148	5.29
151	5.34
152	5.35
153	5.37
155	5.38
159	5.40
161	5.42
162	5.44
163	5.47
165	5.50
166	5.51
167	5.52
169	5.53
170	5.54
171	5.55
172	5.56
173	5.58
177	5.66
180	5.67
182	5.68
184	5.69
187	5.70
189	5.71
190	5.72
193	5.73
194	5.74
198	5.75
200	5.81
203	5.82
206	5.86
208	5.91
211	5.92
214	5.94
216	5.99
219	5.100
222	5.102
224	5.108
227	5.109
228	5.110
231	5.119
233	5.124
235	5.125
236	5.126
239	5.128
241	5.133
244	5.134
245	5.135
248	5.137
250	5.141
252	5.143
254	5.144
257	5.147
259	5.154
262	5.155
263	5.156
264	5.157
267	5.164
269	5.169
272	5.170
273	5.171
275	5.178
278	5.179
279	5.180
281	5.184
282	5.185
284	5.186
286	5.187
288	5.191
291	5.192
294	5.194
296	5.195
298	5.195D
300	5.195E
302	5.199
304	5.203
306	6.08
307	6.12
308	6.13
309	6.16A
310	78
312	79
314	80
316	82
329	83
330	83C
334	84
335	89A
338	89D
340	89H
342	89J
343	89K
345	89L
346	89M
348	89N
350	89O
352	89P
354	89Q
357	89R
358	89S
359	89T
361	89U
362	89V
363	89X
365	89Y
366	89ZA
367	89ZD
370	92
378	92A
379	94
380	95
381	96
383	99AA
384	99A
389	100
391	105
392	120
394	132
399	133
401	135
402	135A
403	138
405	139
410	140
412	141
413	143 & 144
415	149
416	150
417	151 & 152
420	153
424	155
425	156
427	157
429	158
431	159
433	161
434	162
435	163
438	163AA
446	166
449	167
452	168
458	169
460	171
464	172
465	173
468	174A
471	174B
472	174C
474	174D
475	175
477	175A
479	176
480	177
482	179
484	179A
486	180
488	181
489	182
491	183
492	195
494	196
498	197
501	198
502	199 & 200
503	203
507	207
510	208
512	209
515	210
517	213
519	214
522	215
524	216
526	217
531	218
535	219
537	220
539	221
540	222
542	223
543	224
545	225
547	226
550	227
552	228
554	229
556	230
559	231
561	232
563	233
566	234
571	235
573	235A
574	238
575	239
577	241
580	242
582	243
584	244
586	245
588	246
590	247
591	248
593	249
596	250
598	251
599	252
602	252A
603	253
605	254
607	255
609	256
611	256AA
613	256A
614	257
618	258
621	259
623	260
624	262
625	262AC
627	262AD
628	262AE
630	262AF
631	262AG
634	262AH
635	262AI
637	262AJ
643	262AL
653	262AM
654	262AN
658	262AO
667	262AP
671	262AQ
675	262AR
676	262AS
678	262TA
683	282
686	286
687	288
688	289
689	291
690	292
692	294
695	298B
698	299
699	301
701	302
702	304
703	305
704	308
705	309A
706	310B
707	322

2.       Ignorance of the law is no excuse

In the regulations identified in Table 2 below, the prosecution may be required to prove, as part of the offence, that the defendant had knowledge of a provision of statute law or subordinate legislation referred to in the offence provision. It is generally very difficult for the prosecution to establish such knowledge and is contrary to the usual maxim that ignorance of the law is no excuse. Subsections 9.3 (1), and 9.4 (1) of the Criminal Code provide that mistake or ignorance of statute law, or subordinate legislation, is no excuse. However, subsections 9.3 (2) and 9.4 (2) provide that subsections 9.3 (1) and 9.4 (1) do not apply if the particular statute law or subordinate legislation is expressly or impliedly to the contrary effect.

To ensure that the provisions are not interpreted to indicate contrary intention for the purposes of section 9.4 of the Criminal Code, the Regulations amend the offence provisions identified in Table 2 below to provide that strict liability applies to that part of the physical element of conduct that raises the knowledge of law issues. The defence of mistake of fact will then apply.

Table 2 - Ignorance of the law - strict liability

Column 1	Column 2
Item of Schedule 1 of proposed Regulations	Provision of regulations being amended
141	5.09
301	5.198

3.       Restructuring offences to clarify defences

The Regulations amend the offence provisions identified in Table 3 below, to clarify that the defence to the offence does not form part of the elements of the offence for the prosecution to establish. The amendments are achieved by removing the defence from the offence provisions and inserting them in new stand-alone defence provisions, each of which is followed by a Note to the effect that the defendant bears an evidential burden of proof. The Criminal Code requires proof of defences at an evidential standard unless the law creating the offence expressly imposes proof at the higher legal standard.

Table 3 - Clarify defences

Column 1	Column 2
Item of Schedule 1 of proposed Regulations	Provision of regulations being amended
3	6A
6	13C
9	13D
11	13E
12	13F
14	13G
17	13I
19	13R
22	30 (3A)
23	30
28	31 (3A)
29	31
30	33B (4)
32	33B
33	33F
34	33I (3)
35	33I
36	34 (3A)
37	34
40	35 (7A)
41	35
154	5.38 (2) (b)
155	5.38
171	5.55
176	5.66 (3)
177	5.66
190	5.72
313	80 (2)
314	80
336	89D (4)
338	89D
340	89H
343	89K
346	89M
350	89O
360	89U (2)
361	89U
362	89V
363	89X
365	89Y
366	89ZA
367	89ZD
372	92A (1)
378	92A
379	94
384	99A (5)
404	139 (1)
405	139
413	143 & 144
414	149 (1)
415	149
417	151 & 152
422	155 (3)
424	155
469	174B (1)
471	174B
478	176 (2A)
479	176
481	179
482	179
494	196
521	215 (3A)
522	215
569	235 (6)
571	235
594	250
596	250
597	251 (1) (c)
598	251
616	258
617	258 (a) & (b)
618	258
660	262AP (4)
661	262AP (6)
667	262AP
705	309A

4.       Restructuring offence provisions to clarify that provisos are elements of the offences

The Regulations amend the offence provisions identified in Table 4 below, to clarify that the proviso is intended to form part of the elements of the offence for the prosecution to establish. The amendments are achieved by redrafting the offences so that the use of the terms "unless", "except" or "other than" are removed and replaced by terminology that makes clear that the wording concerned forms part of the offence. The amendments are beyond the general Government policy authority in relation to harmonisation of Commonwealth offences with the Criminal Code. However, they are preferable in that it is Commonwealth Criminal Law Policy that criminal offence provisions should be structured to provide certainty and clarity in relation to the scope and effect of each offence, and to give consistency as to how criminal offences are to be interpreted by the courts. The Office of Regulation Review (ORR) has determined that the amendments are mechanical and minor in nature, do not have a direct or significant impact on business and do not restrict competition, and therefore a Regulation Impact Statement is not required.

Table 4 - Provisos as elements of offences

Column 1	Column 2
Item of Schedule 1 of proposed Regulations	Provision of regulations being amended
42	36A (3)
47	39 (2)
52	42U
55	42W (2)
56	42W (4)
57	42W (4) (a) (ii)
58	42W (4) (b)
59	42W (4) (c) (iv)
60	42W (d)
62	42X (1)
65	42ZC (2)
66	42ZD (1)
71	42ZN
72	42ZN (a) (iii)
74	42ZP (1)
76	42ZV (3)
77	42ZV (3) (a)
84	43 (6)
85	43 (7)
95	48 (3)
128	5.04 (1)
129	5.05 (1)
131	5.06 (1)
134	5.07 (1)
136	5.07 (2)
137	5.07 (2)
138	5.07 (3)
139	5.07 (3)
152	5.35
153	5.37
156	5.40 (1)
158	5.40 (2)
160	5.42 (2)
174	5.66 (2)
175	5.66 (2) (a)
178	5.67
179	5.67 (a), (b), (c), (d), (e) and (f)
181	5.68
183	5.69
186	5.70
188	5.71
191	5.73
192	5.73 (a) and (b)
195	5.75 (2)
196	5.75 (3)
197	5.75 (3) (a)
199	5.81 (1)
201	5.82
202	5.82 (a)
204	5.86 (2)
205	5.86 (3)
207	5.91 (1)
209	5.92 (1)
210	5.92 (1) (a)
212	5.94 (2)
213	5.94 (3)
215	5.99 (1)
217	5.100 (1)
218	5.100 (1) (a)
220	5.102 (2)
221	5.102 (3)
223	5.108 (1)
225	5.109
226	5.109 (a) (iii)
229	5.119 (2)
230	5.119 (3)
232	5.124 (1)
234	5.125 (1)
237	5.128 (2)
238	5.128 (3)
240	5.133 (1)
242	5.134 (1)
243	5.134 (1) (a) (iii)
246	5.137 (2)
247	5.137 (3)
249	5.141 (1)
251	5.143 (1)
253	5.144 (1)
255	5.147 (2)
256	5.147 (3)
258	5.154 (1)
260	5.155 (1)
261	5.155 (1) (a) (iii)
263	5.156
265	5.164 (2)
266	5.164 (3)
268	5.169 (1)
270	5.170
271	5.170 (a) (iii)
274	5.178 (1)
276	5.179 (1)
277	5.179 (1) (a) (iii)
280	5.184 (2)
282	5.185
285	5.187 (1)
286	5.191 (1)
289	5.192 (1)
290	5.192 (1) (a) (ii)
292	5.194 (2)
293	5.194 (3)
297	5.195D
299	5.195E (1)
304	5.203
317	83 (1)
318	83 (1) (a) and (c)
319	83 (1) (d)
320	83 (1) (d) (iv)
321	83 (1) (e)
324	83 (2) (a)
325	83 (2) (b)
327	83 (3)
331	84 (1) (a)
332	84 (1) (b)
333	84 (1) (c)
368	92 (1)
369	92 (1) (a), (b) and (c)
374	92A (4)
375	92A (4) (a)
387	100 (2)
392	120
393	132 (3)
406	140 (5)
411	141 (2)
418	153
419	153 (a)
425	156 (1)
440	166 (1) (d)
441	166 (1) (d) (i)
442	166 (1) (e)
443	166 (1) (g)
461	172 (1)
462	172 (2)
463	172 (2) (a) and (b)
470	174B (2)
473	174D (2)
476	175A (1)
483	179A (2)
514	210
546	226 (1)
548	227 (1) and (2)
549	227 (3)
551	228
553	229
555	230 (1)
557	231 (2)
562	233 (1)
563	233 (2)
564	234 (1)
565	234 (2)
570	235 (8)
600	252A (1)
606	255 (3)
612	256A (1)
619	259 (1)
623	260
625	262AC (1)
638	262AL (1)
639	262AL (1) (a)
640	262AL (1) (b)
641	262AL (5)
642	262AL (7)
644	262AM (1)
645	262AM (1) (a)
646	262AM (1) (b)
647	262AM (4)
648	262AM (4) (a)
649	262AM (4) (b) (ii)
650	262AM (10)
651	262AM (12)
652	262AM (13)
654	262AN (3)
655	262AO (1)
656	262AO (2)
657	262AO (4)
659	262AP (1)
662	262AP (8)
663	262AP (8) (a)
664	262AP (8) (b) (ii)
665	262AP (11)
666	262AP (12)
668	262AQ (1)
669	262AQ (3)
670	262AQ (3)
672	262AR (1)
673	262AR (3)
674	262AR (3)
676	262AS
677	262TA (3)
680	282 (1)
681	282 (3)
693	298B (1)

5.       Restructuring offence provisions to clarify the physical elements of the offence

The Regulations restructure, and reword using simpler language, the offence provisions identified in Table 5 below, to clarify the physical elements (conduct, circumstance and result) of the offences, or to make clear that the provisions, marked with an asterisk (*), provide for separate offences. The amendments do not alter the operation or the effect of the offence provisions. The amendments to the provisions marked with an asterisk (*) are beyond the general Government policy authority in relation to harmonisation of Commonwealth offences with the Criminal Code. However, they are preferable in that it is Commonwealth Criminal Law Policy that criminal offence provisions should be structured to provide certainty and clarity in relation to the scope and effect of each offence, and to give consistency as to how criminal offences are to be interpreted by the courts. The ORR has determined that the amendments are mechanical and minor in nature, do not have a direct or significant impact on business and do not restrict competition, and therefore a Regulation Impact Statement is not required. The provisions marked with double asterisks (**) are amended so as to proscribe the actions of a person whose conduct has the result of altering, or destroying, mutilating or defacing, as the case may be. Constructing the offence in this form better identifies the physical elements of conduct and result (see further the amendments referred to in paragraph 14 and Table 14 below).

Table 5 - Clarify physical elements of the offence

Column 1	Column 2
Item of Schedule 1 of proposed Regulations	Provision of regulations being amended
4	13C (1)
15	13I (1)
42	36A (3)*
64	42ZA (2)
96	49 and 50
100	50B (5)**
116	57 (1)
117	57 (1)
118	57 (2)**
120	57 (3)
121	58 (1)**
124	58 (2)**
124	58 (3)
133	5.07 (1) (a)
315	82 (1)
323	83 (2)
373	92A (3)*
374	92A (4)*
376	92A (4)*
377	92A (5)*
380	95 (3)
386	100 (2)
388	100
390	105
393	132 (3)
406	140 (5)*
407	140 (6)
408	140 (6) (a)
439	166 (1) (a)
458	169
489	182*
527	218 (1)*
528	218 (1)*
529	218*
532	219*
533	219 (a)*
534	219*
535	219*
548	227 (1) and (2)
563	233 (3)
574	238
594	250 (1)*
608	256 (2)
623	260
691	294 (1)
699	301 (2)**

6.       Omission of general offence provisions

The Regulations omit the general offence provisions identified in Table 6 below. Such general offence provisions can be difficult to interpret under the Criminal Code in relation to the different offence provisions to which the general offence provision applies. The amendments are beyond the general Government authority in relation to harmonisation of Commonwealth offences with the Criminal Code. However, they are preferable in that it is Commonwealth Criminal Law Policy that criminal offence provisions should be structured to provide certainty and clarity in relation to the scope and effect of each offence, and to give consistency as to how criminal offences are to be interpreted by the courts. The ORR has determined that the amendments are mechanical and minor in nature, do not have a direct or significant impact on business and do not restrict competition, and therefore a Regulation Impact Statement is not required.

Table 6 - General offence provisions

Column 1	Column 2
Item of Schedule 1 of proposed Regulations	Provision of regulations being amended
459	169A
504	205A
679	281

7.       Amendments consequential to omission of general offence provisions - clarify the actor for an offence

The Regulations amend the regulations identified in Table 7 below, as a consequence of the omission of the general offence provisions identified in Table 6 above, so as to clarify the actor for an offence.

Table 7 - Clarify the actor for an offence

Column 1	Column 2
Item of Schedule 1 of proposed Regulations	Provision of regulations being amended
50	41 (2)
371	92A (1)
374	92A (4)
376	92A (4)
385	100 (1)
386	100 (2)
395	133 (1)
396	133 (1) (a)
397	133 (1) (d)
398	133 (1) (e)
400	135
404	139 (1)
406	140 (5)
418	153
421	155 (1)
425	156 (1)
426	157 (1)
432	161 (2)
434	162 (9)
435	163 (1) and (2)
436	163AA (1)
437	163AA (1) (a) and (b)
450	168 (1)
453	169 (1), (2) and (3)
454	169 (4)
456	169 (5) (a)
465	173 (3)
466	174A (1A)
467	174A (2)
468	174A (5)
469	174B (1)
470	174B (2)
473	174D (2)
480	177 (5)
483	179A (2)
485	180
489	182
492	195 (1), (2), (3) and (4)
493	196
494	196 (7)
495	197
496	197 (4)
499	198
502	199 and 200
503	203
505	207 (1) and (2)
506	207 (3)
508	208
509	208
511	209
520	215 (2)
525	217 (2)
540	222 (4)
561	232 (5)
567	235 (4)
568	235 (5)
569	235 (6)
570	235 (8)
572	235A (2)
573	235A (7)
574	238
576	241 (2)
579	242 (2)
592	249 (1)
600	252A (1)
601	252A (1) (a) and (b)
615	258
619	259 (1)
623	260 (1) and (2)
625	262AC (1)
631	262AG (2)
689	291

8.       Remove "knowingly or recklessly" - inappropriate fault elements for physical element of conduct

The Regulations amend the provisions identified in Table 8 below, to remove the fault elements of "knowingly or recklessly", or the term "knowingly", in relation to the physical element of conduct. It is not possible under the Criminal Code to apply these fault elements to the physical element of conduct. These fault elements can only be applied to the physical elements of circumstance or result (see Part 2.2, Division 5 of the Criminal Code). Once omitted, the fault element of intention will apply to the physical element of conduct in the offence.

Table 8 - Remove "knowingly or recklessly"

Column 1	Column 2
Item of Schedule 1 of proposed Regulations	Provision of regulations being amended
107	51A (3)
149	5.33 (1)
150	5.33 (2)
303	5.201
305	5.205
694	298B (1) (c)

9.       Clarify the meaning of the phrase "as soon as practicable"

The Regulations amend the regulations identified in Table 9 below, to clarify the meaning of the phrase "as soon as practicable", by specifying a period of time as an element of the offence. At the same time, the identified regulations are also reworded so as to make the language clearer. The amendments to clarify the meaning of "as soon as practicable" are beyond the general Government policy authority in relation to harmonisation of Commonwealth offences with the Criminal Code. However, they are preferable in that it is Commonwealth Criminal Law Policy that criminal offence provisions should be structured to provide certainty and clarity in relation to the scope and effect of each offence, and to give consistency as to how criminal offences are to be interpreted by the courts. The ORR has determined the amendments are mechanical and minor in nature, do not have a direct or significant impact on business and do not restrict competition, and therefore a Regulation Impact Statement is not required.

Table 9 - Clarify "as soon as practicable"

Column 1	Column 2
Item of Schedule 1 of proposed Regulations	Provision of regulations being amended
2	6A (3)
33	33F (2)
48	40
51	42
69	42ZJ (3)
344	89L
347	89N
409	140 (6) (b)

10.       Remove "standards specified" or "circumstances specified"

The Regulations amend the offence provisions identified in Table 10 below, to remove the expression "standards specified", or "circumstances specified", and substitute in its place "directions issued". This is because the subregulation appearing beneath the offence provision provides for issuance of directions, and the proposed amendments therefore gives clarity to the offence provision. The amendments are beyond the general Government authority in relation to harmonisation of Commonwealth offences with the Criminal Code. However, they are preferable in that it is Commonwealth Criminal Law Policy that criminal offence provisions should be structured to provide certainty and clarity in relation to the scope and effect of each offence, and to give consistency as to how criminal offences are to be interpreted by the courts. The ORR has determined that the amendments are mechanical and minor in nature, do not have a direct or significant impact on business and do not restrict competition, and therefore a Regulation Impact Statement is not required.

Table 10 - Remove "standards/circumstances specified"

Column 1	Column 2
Item of Schedule 1 of proposed Regulations	Provision of regulations being amended
351	89P (1)
353	89Q (1)
355	89R (1)
356	89R (2)

11.       Omission of offence or defence provisions where there is an equivalent provision in the Criminal Code

The Regulations omit the offence or defence provision of the regulations identified in Table 11 below, as there is an equivalent general provision in the Criminal Code (see section 10.5 (defence of lawful authority), 11.1 (offence of attempting to commit proscribed conduct) and 137.1 (offence of providing false or misleading information)).

Table 11 - Offence or defence provisions with Criminal Code equivalents

Column 1	Column 2
Item of Schedule 1 of proposed Regulations	Provision of regulations being amended
567	235 (4) (offence of attempting to commit proscribed conduct)
568	235 (5) (offence of attempting to commit proscribed conduct)
570	235 (8) (offence of attempting to commit proscribed conduct)
684	283 (offence of providing false or misleading information)
691	294 (1) (defence of lawful authority)

12.       Numbering of regulations

The Regulations introduce numbering for, or renumber, the provisions identified in Table 12 below as a consequence of the provision that the offence is of strict liability or of the restructuring of the regulation. The amendment to the subregulation marked with double asterisks (**) is consequential to the amendment to the provision marked with an asterisk (*).

Table 12 - Numbering of regulations

Column 1	Column 2
Item of Schedule 1 of proposed Regulations	Provision of regulations being amended
52	42U
70	42ZN
82	42ZZA
88	43B
91	46
102	50D
108	51B
152	5.35
153	5.37
168	5.53
178	5.67
181	5.68
183	5.69
185	5.70
188	5.71
190	5.72
191	5.73
201	5.82
225	5.109
263	5.156
270	5.170
282	5.185
283	5.186
295	5.195
297	5.195D
304	5.203
311	79
341	89J
344	89L
347	89N
390	105
392	120
400	135
413	143 and 144
417	151 and 152
418	153
428	158
430	159
447	167
481	179
485	180
487	181
489	182
490	183
499	198
503	203
508	208
511	209
513	210
516	213
518	214
523	216
538	221
541	223
551	228
553	229
574	238
587	246
610	256AA
615	258
626	262AD
629	262AF
631	262AG *
632	262AG (3) **
633	262AH
636	262AJ
676	262AS
685	286
689	291
697	299

13.       Placement or rewording of penalty provisions

The Regulations amend the provisions identified in Table 13 below, to place the applicable penalty provision after each offence provision, rather than at the end of the particular regulation or in the body of an offence provision, or to amend the wording of the penalty provision. This avoids difficulties in determining the offence provisions within the regulation, and achieves drafting consistency. The amendments are beyond the general Government authority in relation to harmonisation of Commonwealth offences with the Criminal Code. However, they are preferable in that it is Commonwealth Criminal Law Policy that criminal offence provisions should be structured to provide certainty and clarity in relation to the scope and effect of each offence, and to give consistency as to how criminal offences are to be interpreted by the courts. The ORR has determined that the amendments are mechanical and minor in nature, do not have a direct or significant impact on business and do not restrict competition, and therefore a Regulation Impact Statement is not required.

Table 13 - Penalty provisions

Column 1	Column 2
Item of Schedule 1 of proposed Regulations	Provision of regulations being amended
5	13C (1)
7	13D (1)
8	13D (2)
10	13E (1)
12	13F (3)
13	13G (1)
16	13I (1)
18	13R (1)
20	29 (6)
25	30B (3)
31	33B (4)
38	34 (5)
44	38 (3)
46	39 (1)
49	41 (1)
98	50B (3)
99	50B (4)
105	51 (2)
110	52 (2)
111	52 (3)
125	59 (3)
135	5.07 (1)
157	5.40 (1)
164	5.50 (4)
171	5.55 (2)
322	83 (1)
326	83 (2)
328	83 (3)
337	89D (4)
339	89H (1), (2) and (3)
349	89O (1)
362	89V (6) and (7)
363	89X (4)
364	89Y (1)
367	89ZD (4)
379	94 (2)
380	95 (3)
382	99AA (7)
384	99A (5)
421	155 (1)
423	155 (3)
435	163 (1)
444	166 (1)
445	166 (3)
448	167
451	168 (1)
453	169 (1), (2) and (3)
455	169 (4)
457	169 (5)
465	173 (3)
492	195 (1), (2), (3) and (4)
493	196
494	196 (7)
495	197
497	197 (4)
500	198
502	199 and 200
503	203
530	218 (4)
536	220 (2)
544	225 (1)
546	226 (1)
558	231 (2)
561	232 (5)
563	233 (3)
576	241 (2)
578	242 (1)
581	243 (1)
583	244 (1)
585	245 (3)
589	247 (1)
595	250 (4)
604	254 (3)
620	259 (1)
623	260
682	282 (4)
699	301 (2)
700	302 (1)
705	309A (4)

14.       Definition of "engage in conduct"

The Regulations insert a definition of the term "engage in conduct" in the regulation identified in Table 14 below. The amendment is a consequence of the amendments indicated, and marked with a double asterisk (**), in Table 5 above.

Table 14 - Definition of "engage in conduct"

Column 1	Column 2
Item of Schedule 1 of proposed Regulations	Provision of regulations being amended
1	2 (1)

15.       Remove penalty provision from non-offence provisions

The Regulations remove the penalty provision from the provisions identified in Table 15 below, as those are non-offence provisions.

Table 15 - Non-offence provisions

Column 1	Column 2
Item of Schedule 1 of proposed Regulations	Provision of regulations being amended
93	47 (2)
560	232 (2)
622	259 (2)

16.       Substitute references to provisions of the Crimes Act 1914 with equivalent Criminal Code provisions

The Regulations remove references to provisions of the Crimes Act 1914 from the regulation identified in Table 16 below, and substitute them with the equivalent Criminal Code provisions. This is because those provisions of the Crimes Act have been repealed by the Law and Justice Legislation Amendment (Application of Criminal Code) Act 2001.

Table 16 - References to provisions of Crimes Act 1914

Column 1	Column 2
Item of Schedule 1 of proposed Regulations	Provision of regulations being amended
696	298C (5)