[Index] [Search] [Download] [Related Items] [Help]
This is a Bill, not an Act. For current law, see the Acts databases.
Western Australia Limitation Bill 2004 CONTENTS Part 1 -- Preliminary 1. Short title 2 2. Commencement 2 3. Interpretation 2 4. Application of Act 6 5. Limitation periods under other written laws 8 6. Application to State 8 Part 2 -- Limitation periods Division 1 -- Preliminary 7. Limitation periods under this Part are extendable etc. under Part 3 9 8. When actions commence 9 Division 2 -- General limitation period 9. General limitation period -- 6 years 9 Division 3 -- Limitation periods for particular causes of action 10. Personal injury, Fatal Accidents Act 1959 actions -- 3 years 9 11. Defamation -- 6 months from discovery or 6 years from publication 10 12. Trespass to the person etc. -- 3 years 10 13. Contribution between tortfeasors -- 2 years 10 14. Deeds -- 12 years 10 15. Recovery of land -- 12 years 11 16. Money secured on real property or on real and personal property -- 12 years 11 17. Interest secured on real property or on real and personal property 11 344--2 page i Limitation Bill 2004 Contents 18. Interest secured on personal property 12 19. Possession -- 12 years 13 20. Foreclosure -- 12 years 13 21. Redemption -- 12 years 14 22. Accounts -- limitation period for the basis of the duty to account applies 14 23. Tax mistakenly paid -- 12 months or as provided under other Act 14 24. Arbitration -- limitation period for corresponding civil proceeding applies 15 Part 3 -- Extension or shortening of limitation periods Division 1 -- Extension for persons under 18 years when cause of action accrues 25. Limitation periods applicable to persons under 15 when cause of action accrues 16 26. Limitation periods applicable to persons between 15 and 18 when cause of action accrues 16 27. Suspension of time while person under 18 is without guardian 16 28. Defendant in close relationship with person under 18 when cause of action accrues 17 29. Defamation -- no extension beyond 6 years after publication 18 Division 2 -- Extension for persons with mental disability 30. Suspension of time while person with mental disability is without guardian 18 31. Defendant in close relationship with person with mental disability 19 32. Defamation -- no extension beyond 6 years after publication 20 Division 3 -- Extension by courts 33. Court may extend time to commence any kind of action in cases of fraud or improper conduct 20 34. Court may extend time to commence actions for personal injury or under Fatal Accidents Act 1959 20 page ii Limitation Bill 2004 Contents 35. Court may extend time to commence defamation actions 22 36. Court may extend time to commence action by person under 18 when cause of action accrues, with guardian 23 37. Court may extend time to commence action by person with a mental disability, with guardian 23 38. Jurisdiction and procedure 24 39. Grounds on which court may refuse to extend time to commence action 24 Division 4 -- Extension or shortening by agreement 40. Agreement to extend or shorten limitation period 25 Division 5 -- Extension by confirmation 41. Meaning of confirmation 25 42. Limitation period extended by confirmation 26 43. Formal requirements for acknowledgments 26 44. Who has benefit of confirmation 26 45. Who is bound by confirmation 26 46. Effects of certain kinds of confirmation 27 Division 6 -- Extension of limitation periods -- other matters 47. Persons with mental disability under 18 when cause of action accrues -- most beneficial limitation period applies 28 48. Limitation period in case of death of certain persons if cause of action accrues to certain other persons 28 49. Arbitration -- extension of limitation period 29 Part 4 -- Accrual of particular causes of action Division 1 -- Accrual of certain causes of action other than to recover land 50. Personal injury -- general 30 51. Personal injury -- asbestos related diseases 30 52. Survival of certain actions 32 53. Contributions between tortfeasors 33 54. Debts repayable on demand 33 55. Successive wrongs to goods 33 56. Equitable interests 34 page iii Limitation Bill 2004 Contents 57. Beneficial co-owners of land 34 58. Future interests of beneficiaries under trusts 35 59. Matters referable to arbitration 35 60. Arbitral awards 35 Division 2 -- Accrual of certain causes of action to recover land 61. Adverse possession 35 62. Dispossession or discontinuance 36 63. Deceased in possession 36 64. Grantor in possession 36 65. Future interests in land 37 66. Forfeiture 37 67. Rent wrongly paid 38 68. Tenancies 38 Part 5 -- Effect of expiration of limitation period 69. Extinguishment of right and title to land, rent 40 70. No title by adverse possession against State 40 71. Future interests in land 40 72. Provisions in case of land held on trust 41 Part 6 -- Miscellaneous 73. Burden of proof 42 74. Grounds in equity upon which to refuse relief preserved 42 75. Counterclaims -- commencement 42 76. Joint causes of action 42 77. Joint liability 43 78. Formal entry and claim 43 79. Other beneficiaries 43 80. Limited right to recover tax 43 81. Limited operation of certain court orders as to refund of tax 44 82. Arbitrations -- commencement 45 page iv Western Australia LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY (As amended during consideration in detail) Limitation Bill 2004 A Bill for An Act to provide for time limits for commencing civil legal proceedings and arbitrations, and for related purposes. The Parliament of Western Australia enacts as follows: page 1 Limitation Bill 2004 Part 1 Preliminary s. 1 Part 1 -- Preliminary 1. Short title This Act may be cited as the Limitation Act 2004. 2. Commencement 5 This Act comes into operation on the day on which it receives the Royal Assent. 3. Interpretation (1) In this Act -- "action" means -- 10 (a) any civil proceeding in a court, whether the claim that is the subject of the proceeding or relief sought is under a written law, at common law, in equity or otherwise; or (b) an arbitration under an arbitration provision, 15 but does not include proceedings for certiorari, mandamus, prohibition, habeas corpus or quo warranto except in sections 23, 80 and 81, in which it includes proceedings for certiorari, mandamus, prohibition or quo warranto; "arbitral award" means the resolution or determination by an 20 arbitrator of a difference or matter referred to arbitration under an arbitration provision; "arbitration provision" means -- (a) a provision of an agreement to refer present or future differences to arbitration, whether an arbitrator is 25 named in the agreement or not; and (b) a provision of any written law requiring or permitting the determination of any matter by arbitration or relating to such an arbitration; "defendant" means a person against whom an action is brought 30 or proposed to be brought; page 2 Limitation Bill 2004 Preliminary Part 1 s. 3 "extension application" means an application under section 33, 34, 35, 36 or 37; "future interest" means an estate in reversion or remainder or other vested or contingent interest in property which is yet 5 to entitle immediate possession of the property; "guardian", in relation to a person who is under 18 years of age when a cause of action accrues to the person ("person A"), means a person -- (a) who at law has responsibility for the long-term care, 10 welfare and development of person A before person A reaches 18 years of age; and (b) for whom it is practicable, having regard to the person's relationship with person A, to commence an action on behalf of person A; 15 "guardian", in relation to a person with a mental disability ("person A"), means a person who -- (a) is either a guardian of person A or the administrator of person A's estate, or both; and (b) has, under the guardianship order, the administration 20 order, or the provisions of the Guardianship and Administration Act 1990, as is relevant to the case, the function of considering the appropriateness of commencing an action on behalf of person A, and in this definition the terms "administrator", 25 "administration order", "guardian" and "guardianship order" have the respective meanings that they have in the Guardianship and Administration Act 1990 section 3(1); "income" includes interest on a judgment and other interest, and includes rent, annuities and dividends, but does not 30 include arrears of interest secured by a mortgage and lawfully treated as principal; page 3 Limitation Bill 2004 Part 1 Preliminary s. 3 "land" includes -- (a) corporeal hereditaments and rentcharges and any estate or interest in those things whether freehold or leasehold and whether at law or in equity; and 5 (b) the interest, pending sale of land (including incorporeal hereditaments) held on trust for sale, of a person having an interest in the proceeds of sale, but otherwise does not include incorporeal hereditaments; "mental disability", in relation to a person, means a disability 10 suffered by the person (including an intellectual disability, a psychiatric condition, an acquired brain injury or dementia) an effect of which is that the person is unable to make reasonable judgments in respect of matters relating to the person or the person's property; 15 "mortgage" includes a charge or lien on real or personal property for securing money or money's worth but does not include a possessory lien on goods nor a binding effect on the property arising under court order to seize and sell or seize and deliver the property; 20 "mortgagee" includes a person claiming a mortgage through an original mortgagee; "mortgagor" includes a person claiming property subject to a mortgage through an original mortgagor; "personal injury" includes a disease, impairment of a person's 25 physical condition, and mental disability; "personal representative" means a person who, for the time being, is an executor or an administrator of a deceased person's estate; "plaintiff" means -- 30 (a) a person bringing, or proposing to bring, an action; or (b) a person acting on behalf of a person mentioned in paragraph (a); page 4 Limitation Bill 2004 Preliminary Part 1 s. 3 "principal money", in relation to a mortgage, means all money secured by the mortgage, including arrears of interest lawfully treated as principal, but does not include other interest; 5 "rent" includes a rent service and a rentcharge; "rentcharge" means an annuity or other periodical sum of money charged on or payable out of land, but does not include a rent service or interest on a mortgage of land; "tax" includes a fee, charge or other impost; 10 "trust" has the meaning given to that term in the Trustees Act 1962 section 6(1); "trustee" has the meaning given to that term in the Trustees Act 1962 section 6(1) and includes a personal representative. 15 (2) In this Act a reference to the accrual of a cause of action is a reference -- (a) to the accrual of the cause of action to a person ("person A") to whom the cause of action accrues; and (b) where relevant, to the accrual of the cause of action to a 20 person through whom person A claims. (3) For the purposes of this Act, a person ("person A") claims through another person ("person B") in respect of property or a right if person A is entitled to the property or right by, through or under person B or by the act of person B, but a person 25 entitled to property or a right under a special power of appointment is not to be taken to claim through the appointor. (4) In this Act a reference to a cause of action to recover land includes a reference to a right to enter into possession of the land. 30 (5) In this Act, in respect of land which is a rentcharge -- (a) a reference to the possession of land is a reference to the receipt of the rent; and page 5 Limitation Bill 2004 Part 1 Preliminary s. 4 (b) a reference to the time of dispossession or discontinuance of possession of land is a reference to when rent first becomes overdue. (6) For the purposes of this Act -- 5 (a) adverse possession of land occurs when possession of the land is taken by a person in whose favour the limitation period can run; (b) possession of a rentcharge occurs when possession of the land the subject of the rentcharge is taken by a 10 person, other than the person entitled to the rentcharge, who does not pay the rent; (c) adverse possession of land as against a landlord occurs, in the case to which section 67 applies, when a person wrongfully claiming to be entitled to the land subject to 15 the lease receives the rent; (d) adverse possession of land held by joint tenants or tenants in common, as against a tenant ("tenant A"), occurs when another tenant ("tenant B") takes possession of more than tenant B's share, not for the 20 benefit of tenant A. (7) If an arbitration provision is, or includes, a provision of any written law, this Act has effect subject to the provision of the written law. 4. Application of Act 25 (1) In this section -- "commencement day" means the day on which this Act comes into operation. (2) Subject to subsection (5), the limitation periods provided for under this Act apply only to causes of action that accrue on or 30 after commencement day. (3) Section 50 or 53, as is relevant to the case, applies to ascertain when a cause of action relating to a personal page 6 Limitation Bill 2004 Preliminary Part 1 s. 4 injury to a person accrues and if, under the relevant section, the cause of action accrues before commencement day, the applicable limitation period in that case is that which would have applied before 5 commencement day, whether or not that period has expired. (4) Subject to subsection (3), an action cannot be commenced after commencement day if the action could not have been commenced immediately before commencement day because of 10 an enactment that is repealed or amended by the Limitation Legislation Amendment and Repeal Act 2004. (5) If -- (a) before commencement day, a cause of action accrued for damages relating to a personal injury to a person; 15 (b) the personal injury was incurred -- (i) in the course of the person's mother giving birth to the person; or (ii) immediately after, and arising from, the person's mother giving birth to the person, 20 whether the birth was by way of natural childbirth or a medical procedure; and (c) an action was not commenced before commencement day, an action on that cause of action cannot be commenced if -- 25 (a) 6 years have elapsed since commencement day; or (b) the limitation period that would have applied but for this subsection has expired, and for the purposes of this Act the cause of action is to be taken as having accrued on commencement day. 30 (6) Subsection (5) has effect subject to Part 3 but -- (a) sections 25 and 26 do not apply; and page 7 Limitation Bill 2004 Part 1 Preliminary s. 5 (b) sections 27 and 36 do not apply if the person has reached 15 years of age at commencement day. 5. Limitation periods under other written laws (1) This Act (except section 23(3) and (5)) does not affect the 5 operation of a limitation provision in another written law, or anything done under such a provision. (2) In subsection (1) -- "limitation provision" includes -- (a) a provision that establishes, modifies, or extinguishes 10 a cause of action or a defence to a cause of action; (b) a provision prescribing the time within which an action can be commenced (including a law providing for the extension or shortening of that time); (c) a provision in respect of the limitation or exclusion of 15 liability or the barring of a right of action if an action is not commenced within a particular time limit. 6. Application to State (1) Subject to subsection (2) and to sections 15(2) and 70, this Act binds the State and the State has the benefit of this Act. 20 (2) This Act does not apply to an action by the State -- (a) for the recovery of a tax or interest on a tax; or (b) in respect of the forfeiture of a ship. page 8 Limitation Bill 2004 Limitation periods Part 2 Preliminary Division 1 s. 7 Part 2 -- Limitation periods Division 1 -- Preliminary 7. Limitation periods under this Part are extendable etc. under Part 3 5 (1) Divisions 2 and 3 have effect subject to Part 3. (2) Subsection (1) is subject to section 23(5). 8. When actions commence (1) In this Part a reference to the commencement of an action is a reference to the issue in the appropriate court of a writ or other 10 originating application in relation to the action. (2) Nothing in subsection (1) affects the operation of section 82. Division 2 -- General limitation period 9. General limitation period -- 6 years (1) An action on any cause of action cannot be commenced if 15 6 years have elapsed since the cause of action accrued. (2) Subsection (1) does not apply to an action if Division 3 provides for a different limitation period for that action. Division 3 -- Limitation periods for particular causes of action 10. Personal injury, Fatal Accidents Act 1959 actions -- 3 years 20 (1) An action for damages relating to a personal injury to a person cannot be commenced if 3 years have elapsed since the cause of action accrued. (2) An action under the Fatal Accidents Act 1959 for damages relating to the death of a person cannot be commenced if 3 years 25 have elapsed since the death. page 9 Limitation Bill 2004 Part 2 Limitation periods Division 3 Limitation periods for particular causes of action s. 11 11. Defamation -- 6 months from discovery or 6 years from publication An action relating to the publication of defamatory matter cannot be commenced if -- 5 (a) 6 months have elapsed since the person alleged to be defamed became aware of the publication; or (b) 6 years have elapsed since the publication. 12. Trespass to the person etc. -- 3 years An action for -- 10 (a) trespass to the person; (b) menace; (c) assault; (d) battery; (e) wounding; or 15 (f) imprisonment, cannot be commenced if 3 years have elapsed since the cause of action accrued. 13. Contribution between tortfeasors -- 2 years An action for contribution under the Law Reform (Contributory 20 Negligence and Tortfeasors' Contribution) Act 1947 section 7 cannot be commenced if 2 years have elapsed since the cause of action accrued. 14. Deeds -- 12 years An action on a cause of action founded on a deed cannot be 25 commenced if 12 years have elapsed since the cause of action accrued. page 10 Limitation Bill 2004 Limitation periods Part 2 Limitation periods for particular causes of action Division 3 s. 15 15. Recovery of land -- 12 years (1) An action to recover land cannot be commenced if 12 years have elapsed since the cause of action accrued. (2) Despite subsection (1), an action to recover land may be 5 commenced at any time if it is brought -- (a) by the State or a person claiming through the State; and (b) on a cause of action which accrues to the State. 16. Money secured on real property or on real and personal property -- 12 years 10 An action to recover principal money secured by a mortgage of real property or real and personal property whether -- (a) from any person, whether as principal, surety or otherwise; (b) by way of the appointment of a receiver of the 15 mortgaged property or of the income or profits of the mortgaged property; (c) by way of the sale, lease or other disposition or realisation of the mortgaged property; or (d) by way of any other remedy affecting the mortgaged 20 property, cannot be commenced if 12 years have elapsed since the cause of action accrued. 17. Interest secured on real property or on real and personal property 25 (1) In this section -- "action" means an action to recover interest secured by a mortgage of real property or real and personal property whether -- (a) from any person, whether as principal, surety or 30 otherwise; page 11 Limitation Bill 2004 Part 2 Limitation periods Division 3 Limitation periods for particular causes of action s. 18 (b) by way of the appointment of a receiver of the mortgaged property or of income or profits of the mortgaged property; (c) by way of the sale, lease or other disposition or 5 realisation of the mortgaged property; or (d) by way of any other remedy affecting the mortgaged property. (2) An action cannot be commenced -- (a) after the occurrence of the only or later of such of the 10 following events as are applicable -- (i) the elapse of 6 years since the cause of action accrued; (ii) in the case where a mortgagee under a prior mortgage is in possession of all or any of the 15 property comprised in the mortgage securing the interest when the cause of action accrued, and after that time discontinues possession, the elapse of one year since the discontinuance; or 20 (b) if the limitation period provided for under section 16 for an action between the same parties on a cause of action to recover the principal money bearing the interest has expired. 18. Interest secured on personal property 25 (1) In this section -- "action" means an action to recover interest secured by a mortgage of personal property whether -- (a) from any person, whether as principal, surety or otherwise; 30 (b) by way of the appointment of a receiver of the mortgaged property or of income or profits of the mortgaged property; page 12 Limitation Bill 2004 Limitation periods Part 2 Limitation periods for particular causes of action Division 3 s. 19 (c) by way of the sale, lease or other disposition or realisation of the mortgaged property; or (d) by way of any other remedy affecting the mortgaged property. 5 (2) An action cannot be commenced -- (a) after the occurrence of the only or later of such of the following events as are applicable -- (i) the elapse of 6 years since the cause of action accrued; 10 (ii) in the case where a mortgagee under a prior mortgage is in possession of all or any of the property comprised in the mortgage securing the interest when the cause of action accrued, and after that time discontinues possession, the 15 elapse of one year since the discontinuance; or (b) if the limitation period for an action between the same parties on a cause of action to recover the principal money bearing the interest has expired. 20 19. Possession -- 12 years An action to recover from a mortgagor possession of real property or real and personal property secured by a mortgage cannot be commenced if 12 years have elapsed since the cause of action accrued. 25 20. Foreclosure -- 12 years An action to foreclose the equity of redemption of real property or real and personal property secured by a mortgage cannot be commenced if 12 years have elapsed since the cause of action accrued. page 13 Limitation Bill 2004 Part 2 Limitation periods Division 3 Limitation periods for particular causes of action s. 21 21. Redemption -- 12 years An action to redeem mortgaged property (whether real or personal) in the possession of a mortgagee cannot be commenced if 12 years have elapsed since the occurrence of the 5 only or later of such of the following events as are applicable -- (a) the most recent possession by the mortgagee of the property in respect of which the action is brought; (b) the receipt by the mortgagee of the most recent payment of principal money or interest secured by the mortgage 10 from the person wishing to redeem the property. 22. Accounts -- limitation period for the basis of the duty to account applies An action for an account cannot be commenced if the limitation period for the cause of action that is the basis of the duty to 15 account has expired. 23. Tax mistakenly paid -- 12 months or as provided under other Act (1) An action to recover, or in relation to the recovery of, money paid by way of tax or purported tax under a mistake (either of 20 law or fact) cannot be commenced if 12 months have elapsed since the payment. (2) Subsection (1) does not apply if another Act provides for a longer limitation period for commencing the action. (3) Despite subsections (1) and (2) and anything to the contrary in 25 another Act, if money paid by way of tax or purported tax is recoverable because of the invalidity of an Act or provision of an Act, an action to recover, or in relation to the recovery of, that money cannot be commenced if 12 months have elapsed since the payment. page 14 Limitation Bill 2004 Limitation periods Part 2 Limitation periods for particular causes of action Division 3 s. 24 (4) Subsection (3) does not apply to an action for the recovery of money that, assuming that the Act or provision of an Act imposing or purporting to impose the tax had been valid, would nevertheless have represented an overpayment of tax, if the Act 5 provides for the refund or recovery of the money within a period longer than 12 months from the payment. (5) An order cannot be made under this or any other Act enabling or permitting an action to which subsection (3) applies to be commenced after the expiry of the period mentioned in that 10 subsection. 24. Arbitration -- limitation period for corresponding civil proceeding applies An arbitration for a difference or matter under an arbitration provision cannot be commenced if the limitation period that 15 would apply under this Act to the bringing of a civil proceeding in a court for the resolution or determination of the difference or matter has expired. page 15 Limitation Bill 2004 Part 3 Extension or shortening of limitation periods Division 1 Extension for persons under 18 years when cause of action accrues s. 25 Part 3 -- Extension or shortening of limitation periods Division 1 -- Extension for persons under 18 years when cause of action accrues 25. Limitation periods applicable to persons under 15 when 5 cause of action accrues (1) If a person is under 15 years of age when a cause of action accrues to the person, an action on that cause of action cannot be commenced if 6 years have elapsed since the cause of action accrued. 10 (2) Subsection (1) does not apply if Part 2 Division 3 provides for a longer limitation period for commencing the action. 26. Limitation periods applicable to persons between 15 and 18 when cause of action accrues (1) If a person is 15, 16 or 17 years of age when a cause of action 15 accrues to the person, an action on that cause of action cannot be commenced if the person has reached 21 years of age. (2) Subsection (1) does not apply if Part 2 Division 2 or 3 provides for a longer limitation period for commencing the action. 27. Suspension of time while person under 18 is without 20 guardian (1) If -- (a) a person is under 18 years of age when a cause of action accrues to the person; and (b) during any time after the accrual but before the person 25 reaches 18 years of age the person is without a guardian, the time during which the person is without a guardian does not count in the reckoning of the limitation period for commencing an action on the cause of action. page 16 Limitation Bill 2004 Extension or shortening of limitation periods Part 3 Extension for persons under 18 years when cause of action Division 1 accrues s. 28 (2) Despite subsection (1), an action on the cause of action cannot be commenced -- (a) if the person has reached 21 years of age; or (b) in the case where Part 2 Division 2 or 3 provides for a 5 longer limitation period for commencing the action, if that limitation period has expired. (3) This section is subject to section 28. 28. Defendant in close relationship with person under 18 when cause of action accrues 10 (1) If -- (a) a person is under 18 years of age when a cause of action accrues to the person ("person A"); and (b) during any time after the accrual but before person A reaches 18 years of age a defendant is a person in a close 15 relationship with person A, an action on that cause of action cannot be commenced if person A has reached 25 years of age. (2) Subsection (1) does not apply if Part 2 Division 3 provides for a longer limitation period for commencing the action. 20 (3) In subsection (1) -- "defendant" includes a person for whom a defendant is vicariously liable; "person in a close relationship", in relation to person A, means -- 25 (a) a person ("person B") who at law has responsibility for -- (i) the long-term care, welfare and development of person A before person A reaches 18 years of age; or page 17 Limitation Bill 2004 Part 3 Extension or shortening of limitation periods Division 2 Extension for persons with mental disability s. 29 (ii) the day to day care, welfare and development of person A before person A reaches 18 years of age; or 5 (b) a person ("person C") whose relationship with person A or person B is such that it is in the circumstances reasonable -- (i) for person A or person B not to commence an action against person C; or 10 (ii) for person A not to wish to divulge the conduct or events in respect of which an action against person C would be founded. 29. Defamation -- no extension beyond 6 years after publication (1) Subject to subsection (2), sections 25, 26, 27 and 28 apply to an 15 action relating to the publication of defamatory matter. (2) An action relating to the publication of defamatory matter cannot be commenced if 6 years have elapsed since the publication. Division 2 -- Extension for persons with mental disability 20 30. Suspension of time while person with mental disability is without guardian (1) If -- (a) a person is suffering a mental disability at any time after a cause of action accrues to the person; and 25 (b) during the time in which the person is suffering the mental disability the person is without a guardian, the time during which the person is without a guardian does not count in the reckoning of a limitation period for commencing an action on the cause of action. page 18 Limitation Bill 2004 Extension or shortening of limitation periods Part 3 Extension for persons with mental disability Division 2 s. 31 (2) Despite subsection (1), an action on the cause of action cannot be commenced if 12 years have elapsed since the cause of action accrued. (3) This section is subject to section 31. 5 31. Defendant in close relationship with person with mental disability (1) If -- (a) a person ("person A") is suffering a mental disability at any time after a cause of action accrues to person A; and 10 (b) during the time in which person A is suffering the mental disability a defendant is a person in a close relationship with person A, an action on that cause of action cannot be commenced if 3 years have elapsed since the relationship ceased. 15 (2) Subsection (1) does not apply if Part 2 Division 2 or 3 provides for a longer limitation period for commencing the action. (3) Despite subsection (1), an action on the cause of action cannot be commenced if 30 years have elapsed since the cause of action accrued. 20 (4) In subsection (1) -- "defendant" includes a person for whom a defendant is vicariously liable; "person in a close relationship", in relation to person A, means -- 25 (a) a guardian of person A; or (b) a person ("person B") whose relationship with person A or a guardian of person A is such that it is in the circumstances reasonable -- (i) for person A or the guardian not to commence 30 an action against person B; or page 19 Limitation Bill 2004 Part 3 Extension or shortening of limitation periods Division 3 Extension by courts s. 32 (ii) for person A not to wish to divulge the conduct or events in respect of which an action against person B would be founded. 32. Defamation -- no extension beyond 6 years after publication 5 (1) Subject to subsection (2), sections 30 and 31 apply to an action relating to the publication of defamatory matter. (2) An action relating to the publication of defamatory matter cannot be commenced if 6 years have elapsed since publication. Division 3 -- Extension by courts 10 33. Court may extend time to commence any kind of action in cases of fraud or improper conduct (1) A plaintiff may apply to a court for leave to commence an action on any cause of action even though the limitation period provided for under this Act has expired. 15 (2) On an application a court may extend the time in which the action can be commenced up to 3 years from when the action ought reasonably to have been commenced if the court is satisfied that the failure to commence the action was attributable to fraudulent or other improper conduct of the defendant or a 20 person for whom the defendant is vicariously liable. (3) Nothing in section 29, 32, 34, 35, 36 or 37 prevents a court from extending, under this section, the time in which a plaintiff can commence an action. 34. Court may extend time to commence actions for personal 25 injury or under Fatal Accidents Act 1959 (1) A plaintiff may apply to a court for leave to commence an action for damages relating to a personal injury to a person even though the limitation period provided for under this Act has expired. page 20 Limitation Bill 2004 Extension or shortening of limitation periods Part 3 Extension by courts Division 3 s. 34 (2) A plaintiff may apply to a court for leave to commence an action under the Fatal Accidents Act 1959 for damages relating to the death of a person even though the limitation period provided for under this Act has expired. 5 (3) On an application a court may extend the time in which the action can be commenced if the court is satisfied that, when the limitation period expired, a person to whom the cause of action accrues -- (a) was not aware of the physical cause of the death or 10 injury; (b) was aware of the physical cause of the death or injury but was not aware that the death or injury was attributable to the conduct of a person; or (c) was aware of the physical cause of the death or injury 15 and that the death or injury was attributable to the conduct of a person but after reasonable enquiry, had been unable to establish that person's identity. (4) On an application a court may extend the time in which the action can be commenced up to 3 years from when a person to 20 whom the cause of action accrues became aware, or ought reasonably to have become aware -- (a) of the physical cause of the death or injury; (b) that the death or injury was attributable to the conduct of a person (whether a defendant or not); and 25 (c) of the identity of the person mentioned in paragraph (b). (5) In this section -- "person to whom the cause of action accrues" -- (a) in the case of a person who is under 18 years of age when the cause of action accrues, means either that 30 person or a guardian of that person; (b) in the case of a person with a mental disability, means either that person or a guardian of that person; page 21 Limitation Bill 2004 Part 3 Extension or shortening of limitation periods Division 3 Extension by courts s. 35 (c) in the case of an action under the Fatal Accidents Act 1959 to be brought by a personal representative of a deceased person, means the personal representative; 5 (d) in the case of an action under the Fatal Accidents Act 1959 to be brought by a person under section 9(1) of that Act, means that person; (e) in the case of an action of a kind to which the Law Reform (Miscellaneous Provisions) Act 1941 10 section 4 applies, means either the deceased person or a personal representative of that person. 35. Court may extend time to commence defamation actions (1) A plaintiff may apply to a court for leave to commence an action relating to the publication of defamatory matter even 15 though 6 months have elapsed since the person alleged to be defamed became aware of the publication. (2) Subject to subsection (3), on an application a court, if it thinks it just to do so, may extend the time in which the action can be commenced up to 12 months from when a person to whom the 20 cause of action accrues became aware, or ought reasonably to have become aware of -- (a) the defamation; and (b) the identity of a person who published the defamation (whether a defendant or not). 25 (3) An action relating to the publication of defamatory matter cannot be commenced if 6 years have elapsed since the publication. (4) In subsection (2) -- "person to whom the cause of action accrues" -- 30 (a) in the case of a person who is under 18 years of age when the cause of action accrues, means either that person or a guardian of that person; page 22 Limitation Bill 2004 Extension or shortening of limitation periods Part 3 Extension by courts Division 3 s. 36 (b) in the case of a person with a mental disability, means either that person or a guardian of that person. 36. Court may extend time to commence action by person under 18 when cause of action accrues, with guardian 5 (1) A plaintiff who was under 18 years of age when a cause of action accrued to that person may apply to a court for leave to commence an action even though the limitation period provided for under this Act has expired. (2) Subject to subsections (3) and (4), on an application a court may 10 extend the time in which the action can be commenced up to when the plaintiff reaches 21 years of age. (3) A court is not to extend time on an application unless the court is satisfied that in the circumstances it was unreasonable for a guardian of the plaintiff not to commence the action within the 15 limitation period for the action. (4) An action relating to the publication of defamatory matter cannot be commenced if 6 years have elapsed since the publication. 37. Court may extend time to commence action by person with 20 a mental disability, with guardian (1) A plaintiff who suffers a mental disability at any time after a cause of action accrues to that person may apply to a court for leave to commence an action even though the limitation period provided for under this Act has expired. 25 (2) Subject to subsections (3) and (4), on an application a court may extend the time in which the action can be commenced up to 12 years from when the cause of action accrued. (3) A court is not to extend time on an application unless the court is satisfied that in the circumstances it was unreasonable for a 30 guardian of the plaintiff not to commence the action within the limitation period for the action. page 23 Limitation Bill 2004 Part 3 Extension or shortening of limitation periods Division 3 Extension by courts s. 38 (4) An action relating to the publication of defamatory matter cannot be commenced if 6 years have elapsed since the publication. 38. Jurisdiction and procedure 5 (1) Subject to subsection (2), an extension application is to be made by summons in the jurisdiction in which -- (a) the existing action, if any, has been brought; or (b) the proposed action would be brought if the application were successful, 10 as is relevant to the case. (2) An extension application in respect of an arbitration for a difference or matter under an arbitration provision is to be made by summons to the Supreme Court. (3) The plaintiff is to serve a copy of the summons on each person 15 against whom the action that is the subject of the extension application is brought or proposed to be brought. (4) Despite subsection (1), the Supreme Court may give leave to bring an action in any court which seems to it to be the appropriate court. 20 (5) An extension application can be sought or determined at any time before or after the issue, or close of, pleadings. 39. Grounds on which court may refuse to extend time to commence action When deciding, on an extension application, whether to extend 25 the time for the commencement of an action, a court -- (a) is to have regard to whether the delay in commencing the proposed action, whatever the merit of the reasons for that delay, would unacceptably diminish the prospects of a fair trial of the action; and page 24 Limitation Bill 2004 Extension or shortening of limitation periods Part 3 Extension or shortening by agreement Division 4 s. 40 (b) may refuse to grant the application, even though all the relevant criteria are met, if extending the time would significantly prejudice the defendant (other than by reason only of the commencement of the proposed 5 action). Division 4 -- Extension or shortening by agreement 40. Agreement to extend or shorten limitation period (1) Nothing in this Act prevents a person from agreeing to extend or shorten a limitation period provided for under this Act. 10 (2) Despite subsection (1), a provision in, or condition of, an agreement is of no effect if it purports to -- (a) exclude the operation of section 28, 31 or 33; or (b) extinguish (rather than bar) a right or title in relation to an action in a manner that would be inconsistent with a 15 provision of Part 5. Division 5 -- Extension by confirmation 41. Meaning of confirmation (1) For the purposes of this Act, a person confirms a cause of action if the person -- 20 (a) acknowledges, to a person having the cause of action ("person A"), person A's right or title, even though the acknowledgment does not disclose a promise to pay; (b) makes, to a person having the cause of action ("person B"), a payment in relation to person B's right 25 or title and makes the payment in circumstances not inconsistent with an acknowledgment of that right or title; or (c) makes, to a person having a cause of action to foreclose the equity of redemption of mortgaged property or to 30 recover possession of mortgaged property page 25 Limitation Bill 2004 Part 3 Extension or shortening of limitation periods Division 5 Extension by confirmation s. 42 ("person C"), a payment of principal or interest secured by the mortgage or a payment to person C otherwise in relation to person C's right or title to the mortgage. (2) In subsection (1) a reference to a person having a cause of 5 action is a reference to the person having the cause of action either solely or with other persons. 42. Limitation period extended by confirmation If a cause of action lies against a person (either solely or with other persons) and the person confirms the cause of action -- 10 (a) after the limitation period provided for under this Act for the cause of action begins to run; and (b) before that limitation period expires, the time during which the limitation period runs before the confirmation is made does not count in the reckoning of the 15 limitation period for an action on the cause of action by a person having the benefit of the confirmation against a person bound by the confirmation. 43. Formal requirements for acknowledgments For the purposes of section 41(1)(a), an acknowledgment is of 20 no effect unless it is in writing and signed by the maker. 44. Who has benefit of confirmation For the purposes of this Act, a person ("person A") has the benefit of a confirmation if the confirmation is made to person A or to a person through whom person A claims. 25 45. Who is bound by confirmation (1) For the purposes of this Act, a person ("person A") is bound by a confirmation if -- (a) person A is a maker of the confirmation; page 26 Limitation Bill 2004 Extension or shortening of limitation periods Part 3 Extension by confirmation Division 5 s. 46 (b) person A is, in relation to the cause of action, a successor of a maker under a devolution from the maker occurring after the making of the confirmation; (c) in the case where the maker is, at the time when the 5 maker makes the confirmation, a personal representative of a deceased person (either solely or with other persons) -- person A is, at or after that time, a personal representative of the deceased person; (d) in the case where the maker is, at the time when the 10 maker makes the confirmation, a trustee other than a personal representative of a deceased person (either solely or with other persons) -- person A is, at or after that time, a trustee of the trust of which the maker is a trustee; or 15 (e) person A is bound under subsection (2). (2) If a maker of a confirmation of a cause of action in relation to property is in possession of the property when the confirmation is made, the confirmation binds a person subsequently in possession of the property who claims through the maker of the 20 confirmation. 46. Effects of certain kinds of confirmation (1) A confirmation of a cause of action to recover interest on principal money operates also as a confirmation of a cause of action to recover the principal money. 25 (2) A confirmation of a cause of action to recover income becoming due at any time operates also as a confirmation of a cause of action to recover income falling due at a later time on the same account. page 27 Limitation Bill 2004 Part 3 Extension or shortening of limitation periods Division 6 Extension of limitation periods -- other matters s. 47 Division 6 -- Extension of limitation periods -- other matters 47. Persons with mental disability under 18 when cause of action accrues -- most beneficial limitation period applies If -- 5 (a) a person is under 18 years of age when a cause of action accrues to the person; (b) during any time after that time the person is suffering a mental disability; and (c) different limitation periods for commencing an action on 10 the cause of action are provided for under section 4(5) or Division 1 or 2, the limitation period for commencing the action is the longer of those limitation periods. 48. Limitation period in case of death of certain persons if cause 15 of action accrues to certain other persons (1) In this section -- "person A" means -- (a) a person who is under 18 years of age when a cause of action accrues to the person and who dies without 20 having reached 18 years of age; or (b) a person who, at any time after a cause of action accrues to the person, is suffering a mental disability and who dies at a time when the person is suffering the mental disability. 25 (2) If, on person A's death, person A's cause of action accrues to a person ("person B") who is either under 18 years of age or suffering a mental disability when person A dies, a further extension of time is not allowed by reason of person B's being under 18 years of age or suffering a mental disability. page 28 Limitation Bill 2004 Extension or shortening of limitation periods Part 3 Extension of limitation periods -- other matters Division 6 s. 49 49. Arbitration -- extension of limitation period (1) If a court -- (a) removes an arbitrator or umpire; (b) restrains a party or an arbitrator or umpire from 5 proceeding with an arbitration; or (c) sets aside an arbitral award, the court may at the same time or within 6 months afterwards, whether or not the limitation period provided for under this Act for commencing an action with respect to the difference or 10 matter under arbitration has expired, order that the whole or any part of the time between the commencement of the arbitration and the making of the order under this section does not count in the reckoning of the limitation period. (2) If, after the expiration of a limitation period provided for under 15 this Act, a court makes an order under this section, the expiration of the first limitation period has no effect for the purposes of this Act. page 29 Limitation Bill 2004 Part 4 Accrual of particular causes of action Division 1 Accrual of certain causes of action other than to recover land s. 50 Part 4 -- Accrual of particular causes of action Division 1 -- Accrual of certain causes of action other than to recover land 50. Personal injury -- general 5 (1) In this section -- "manifestation" means a symptom, clinical sign or other objectively determinable physical manifestation of personal injury. (2) A cause of action for damages relating to a personal injury to a 10 person accrues when the only or earlier of such of the following events as are applicable occurs -- (a) the person becomes aware that he or she has sustained a not insignificant personal injury; (b) the first manifestation consistent with the person having 15 sustained a not insignificant personal injury. (3) This section does not apply to a personal injury that is attributable to the inhalation of asbestos. 51. Personal injury -- asbestos related diseases (1) A cause of action for damages relating to a personal injury -- 20 (a) that is attributable to the inhalation of asbestos; and (b) to a person who did not have knowledge of the relevant facts before 1 January 1984, accrues when the person has knowledge of the relevant facts. (2) For the purposes of this section a person has knowledge of the 25 relevant facts in relation to a cause of action when the person has knowledge -- (a) that the injury in question was significant; page 30 Limitation Bill 2004 Accrual of particular causes of action Part 4 Accrual of certain causes of action other than to recover land Division 1 s. 51 (b) that the injury was attributable in whole or in part to the act or omission which is alleged to constitute the cause of action; (c) of the identity of the defendant; and 5 (d) if it alleged that the act or omission was that of a person other than the defendant, of the identity of that person and the additional facts supporting the bringing of an action against the defendant, and knowledge that any acts or omissions did or did not, as a 10 matter of law, give rise to a cause of action is irrelevant. (3) For the purposes of this section an injury is significant if the person whose knowledge is in question would reasonably have considered it sufficiently serious to justify the person's commencing an action for damages against a defendant who did 15 not dispute liability and was able to satisfy a judgment. (4) In subsection (5) -- "commencement day" means the day on which the Workers' Compensation Reform Act 2004 section 79 comes into operation; 20 "Workers' Compensation Act" means the Act having the short title "Workers' Compensation and Rehabilitation Act 1981" before the commencement of the Workers' Compensation Reform Act 2004 section 5 and having the short title "Workers' Compensation and Injury 25 Management Act 1981" on and after that day. (5) For the purposes of this section, an injury that is -- (a) a disability as defined in the Workers' Compensation Act; or (b) after commencement day, an injury as defined in that 30 Act, page 31 Limitation Bill 2004 Part 4 Accrual of particular causes of action Division 1 Accrual of certain causes of action other than to recover land s. 52 is not to be treated as being significant unless either the parties to the proposed action have agreed, or a medical panel constituted as described in section 36(1) of that Act -- (a) has determined that the degree of the disability assessed 5 in accordance with section 93D(2) of that Act, is 30% or more; or (b) (on or after commencement day) has assessed that the worker's degree of whole of person impairment evaluated as described in sections 146A and 146C of 10 that Act, is 25% or more, as is relevant in the worker's case. (6) For the purposes of this section a person's knowledge includes knowledge which the person might reasonably have been expected to acquire -- 15 (a) from facts observable or ascertainable by the person; or (b) from facts ascertainable by the person with the help of medical or other appropriate expert advice which it is reasonable for the person to seek, but a person is not to be fixed under this subsection with 20 knowledge of a fact ascertainable only with the help of expert advice so long as the person has taken all reasonable steps to obtain (and, where appropriate, to act on) that advice. 52. Survival of certain actions (1) If a person dies as a result of a personal injury other than an 25 injury that is attributable to the inhalation of asbestos but, immediately before the death, a cause of action relating to the personal injury had not accrued under section 50, the cause of action relating to the personal injury is to be taken as having accrued when the person died. 30 (2) If a person dies as a result of a personal injury that is attributable to the inhalation of asbestos but, immediately before the death, a cause of action relating to the personal injury had page 32 Limitation Bill 2004 Accrual of particular causes of action Part 4 Accrual of certain causes of action other than to recover land Division 1 s. 53 not accrued under section 51, the cause of action relating to the personal injury is to be taken as having accrued when the person died. 53. Contributions between tortfeasors 5 A cause of action for contribution under the Law Reform (Contributory Negligence and Tortfeasors' Contribution) Act 1947 section 7 accrues to a person ("person A") -- (a) in the case where person A is liable in respect of the damage for which contribution is claimed by judgment 10 of a court or by arbitral award -- when the judgment is given or the award is made, whether or not, in the case of a judgment, the judgment is afterwards varied as to quantum of damages; or (b) in any other case, if person A makes an agreement with 15 a person having a cause of action for the damage for which the cause of action for contribution arises, which agreement fixes, as between the parties to the agreement, the amount of the liability in respect of the damage of person A or a person through whom person A 20 claims -- when the agreement is made. 54. Debts repayable on demand A cause of action for the repayment of a debt repayable on demand accrues when there is a failure to comply with a demand for repayment. 25 55. Successive wrongs to goods If -- (a) a cause of action for the conversion or detention of goods accrues to a person; (b) possession of the goods is not recovered by the person 30 or by a person claiming through the person; and (c) a further cause of action for the conversion or detention of the goods or a cause of action to recover the proceeds page 33 Limitation Bill 2004 Part 4 Accrual of particular causes of action Division 1 Accrual of certain causes of action other than to recover land s. 56 of sale of the goods accrues to the person or to a person claiming through the person, the cause of action for the further conversion or detention or to recover the proceeds of sale accrues when the cause of action 5 mentioned in paragraph (a) accrues. 56. Equitable interests A cause of action to enforce an equitable estate or interest in land accrues, for the purposes of this Act, in the same manner and circumstances as, and when, a cause of action to recover the 10 land would accrue if the estate or interest were a legal estate or interest. 57. Beneficial co-owners of land (1) In this section -- "land" means land held on trust under a settlement; 15 "settlement" means a disposition, inter vivos or by will, of property upon trust, where no person is, immediately after the disposition takes effect, beneficially entitled to the trust property absolutely. (2) A cause of action to recover land that is in the possession of a 20 person entitled under the settlement to immediate possession of the land does not, for the purposes of this Act, accrue during such possession to the trustee or any other person entitled to an estate or interest in the land under the settlement. (3) Subsection (2) does not apply to a cause of action against -- 25 (a) a person in possession who is solely and absolutely entitled under the settlement to the land; or (b) 2 or more persons in possession who are absolutely entitled under the settlement to the land as joint tenants or as tenants in common. page 34 Limitation Bill 2004 Accrual of particular causes of action Part 4 Accrual of certain causes of action to recover land Division 2 s. 58 58. Future interests of beneficiaries under trusts A cause of action of a beneficiary relating to a future interest in trust property accrues when the beneficiary becomes entitled to immediate possession of the property. 5 59. Matters referable to arbitration If, under an arbitration provision, a cause of action with respect to any difference or matter referable to arbitration under the arbitration provision -- (a) does not accrue until the making of an arbitral award or 10 the happening of some other event in or relating to the arbitration; or (b) does not accrue at all, the cause of action nevertheless accrues, for the purposes of the application of this Act to an arbitration under the arbitration 15 provision, when it would have accrued but for that arbitration provision. 60. Arbitral awards A cause of action to enforce an arbitral award accrues when default in observance of the award first occurs, being the default 20 in respect of which the action is brought. Division 2 -- Accrual of certain causes of action to recover land 61. Adverse possession (1) A cause of action to recover land does not accrue unless the land is in adverse possession and if, under this Act, such a cause 25 of action would have accrued at a certain time but the land is not in adverse possession at that time, the cause of action does not accrue unless and until adverse possession of the land is taken. page 35 Limitation Bill 2004 Part 4 Accrual of particular causes of action Division 2 Accrual of certain causes of action to recover land s. 62 (2) Subject to subsection (3), if -- (a) a cause of action accrues to recover land from a person in adverse possession of the land; and (b) afterwards, the land is in the adverse possession of a 5 second person, whether the second person claims through the first person or not, the cause of action to recover the land from the second person accrues when the cause of action mentioned in paragraph (a) accrues. 10 (3) If a cause of action to recover land accrues and afterwards, but before the limitation period for the action expires, the land ceases to be in adverse possession, the cause of action does not accrue unless and until adverse possession of the land is taken again. 15 62. Dispossession or discontinuance A cause of action to recover land by a person who has been in possession of the land and, while entitled to the land, is dispossessed or discontinues possession, accrues when the person is dispossessed, or discontinues the possession. 20 63. Deceased in possession A cause of action to recover the land of a deceased person (whether under a will or on intestacy) accrues when the deceased died if, at that time, the deceased was -- (a) in possession of the land, or in the case of a rentcharge 25 created by will or taking effect upon the deceased's death, in possession of the land charged; and (b) the last person entitled to the land to be in possession of the land. 64. Grantor in possession 30 A cause of action to recover a person's land being an estate or interest assured as an estate or interest in possession (otherwise page 36 Limitation Bill 2004 Accrual of particular causes of action Part 4 Accrual of certain causes of action to recover land Division 2 s. 65 than by will) to the person, accrues when the assurance takes effect if -- (a) when the assurance takes effect, the person making the assurance is in possession under the estate or interest 5 claimed or under an estate or interest out of which the assurance is made; and (b) after the time the assurance takes effect and before the action is commenced, no person is in possession under the estate or interest claimed and under the assurance. 10 65. Future interests in land (1) A cause of action to recover land in which a person has a future interest accrues when the person becomes entitled to immediate possession of the land if, after the person becomes so entitled and before the action is commenced, no person is in possession 15 under the interest claimed. (2) Subsection (1) is subject to section 71. 66. Forfeiture Subject to section 67, if -- (a) a cause of action, arising from a forfeiture, to recover 20 land accrues to a person who has a future interest in the land; and (b) neither the person nor a person claiming under the person recovers the land, a fresh cause of action to recover the land accrues to a person 25 who becomes entitled to immediate possession of the land when that person becomes so entitled. page 37 Limitation Bill 2004 Part 4 Accrual of particular causes of action Division 2 Accrual of certain causes of action to recover land s. 67 67. Rent wrongly paid If -- (a) a tenant is in possession of land under a lease for a term reserving a rent amounting to a yearly sum of not less 5 than $2.00; (b) the rent is received by a person wrongfully claiming to be entitled to the land subject to the lease; and (c) no rent is afterwards received by the landlord and in consequence the lease can be determined, 10 the cause of action of the landlord to recover the land from a person mentioned in paragraph (a) or (b) or from a person claiming under such a person accrues at the earliest time when the lease can be determined. 68. Tenancies 15 (1) A cause of action of a person entitled to land subject to a periodic tenancy to recover the land from the tenant or from a person claiming under the tenant accrues when the only or later of such of the following events as are applicable occurs -- (a) the first year or other period of the tenancy expires; 20 (b) if the tenancy is at a rent -- the rent payable to the person having the cause of action or a person through whom the person claims first becomes overdue. (2) A cause of action of a person entitled to land subject to a tenancy at will to recover the land from the tenant or from a 25 person claiming under the tenant accrues when the only or later of such of the following events as are applicable occurs -- (a) the first year of the tenancy expires; (b) if the tenancy is at a rent--the rent payable to the person having the cause of action or a person through whom the 30 person claims first becomes overdue. page 38 Limitation Bill 2004 Accrual of particular causes of action Part 4 Accrual of certain causes of action to recover land Division 2 s. 68 (3) Subsection (1) or (2), as is applicable in the case, does not apply if the cause of action accrues earlier because the tenancy is determined. page 39 Limitation Bill 2004 Part 5 Effect of expiration of limitation period s. 69 Part 5 -- Effect of expiration of limitation period 69. Extinguishment of right and title to land, rent If, at the expiry of the limitation period provided for under this Act for a person to commence an action to recover land or rent, 5 the person has not commenced such an action, the person's right and title to the land or rent, as is relevant to the case, is extinguished. 70. No title by adverse possession against State Despite any law that is, or has been, in effect the right, title or 10 interest of the State to, or in, any land is not affected in any way by any possession of such land adverse to the State, and is to be taken as never having been so affected. 71. Future interests in land (1) If -- 15 (a) a person's right to the immediate possession of land is extinguished by this Act; (b) at any time while the person has that right the person also has a future interest in the land; and (c) the land is not, before the person becomes entitled to 20 immediate possession of the land, recovered under an intervening interest, the future interest is extinguished when the person becomes entitled to immediate possession of the land. (2) For the purposes of this section, a person has a future interest 25 if -- (a) the person is contingently entitled to a future interest; or (b) a future interest is vested in the person subject to divesting in any event. page 40 Limitation Bill 2004 Effect of expiration of limitation period Part 5 s. 72 72. Provisions in case of land held on trust (1) If -- (a) land is held upon trust including a trust for sale; and (b) the limitation period for an action by the trustee to 5 recover the land has expired, the estate of the trustee is not extinguished so long as the right of action to recover the land of any person entitled to a beneficial interest in the land or in the proceeds of sale either has not accrued or has not been barred by this Act; but if every 10 such right of action has been so barred the estate of the trustee is extinguished. (2) If land is held upon trust including a trust for sale, an action to recover the land may be brought by the trustee on behalf of any person entitled to a beneficial interest in possession in the land 15 or in the proceeds of sale whose right of action has not been barred by this Act even though the right of action of the trustee would apart from this provision have been barred by this Act. page 41 Limitation Bill 2004 Part 6 Miscellaneous s. 73 Part 6 -- Miscellaneous 73. Burden of proof (1) Subject to subsection (2), a defendant in an action has the burden of proving that the action cannot be commenced because 5 the applicable limitation period has expired. (2) The plaintiff has the burden of proving that the time mentioned in section 27(1) or 30(1) does not count in the reckoning of the limitation period. (3) The plaintiff in an extension application has the burden of 10 proving that a court should extend the relevant limitation period. 74. Grounds in equity upon which to refuse relief preserved Nothing in this Act affects any equitable jurisdiction to refuse relief on the ground of laches, acquiescence or otherwise. 75. Counterclaims -- commencement 15 (1) A counterclaim in an action (except a counterclaim solely by way of defence) is, for the purposes of this Act, a separate action. (2) If a defendant in an action makes a counterclaim against a plaintiff in the action the counterclaim is to be taken to have 20 commenced as against the plaintiff when the defendant became a party to the action. (3) If a defendant in an action makes a counterclaim against a plaintiff in the action and then joins another person as a party against whom the counterclaim is made the counterclaim is to 25 be taken to have commenced as against the other person when the other person is joined as a party to the counterclaim. 76. Joint causes of action If, were it not for this Act, 2 or more persons would have a cause of action jointly but, because of this Act, an action on the page 42 Limitation Bill 2004 Miscellaneous Part 6 s. 77 cause of action cannot be commenced by one or more of them, an action on the cause of action may nonetheless be commenced by the other or others of them and judgment may be given accordingly. 5 77. Joint liability If, were it not for this Act, 2 or more persons would be liable on a cause of action jointly but, because of this Act, an action on the cause of action cannot be commenced against one or more of them, an action on the cause of action may nonetheless be 10 commenced against the other or others of them and judgment may be given accordingly. 78. Formal entry and claim For the purposes of this Act -- (a) a formal entry on land is not of itself possession or 15 evidence of possession of the land; and (b) a claim in respect of land does not preserve a cause of action to recover the land. 79. Other beneficiaries If a beneficiary under a trust brings an action in relation to the 20 trust ("beneficiary 1's action"), any other beneficiary under the trust ("beneficiary 2") is not entitled to derive from beneficiary 1's action any benefit for which, because of this Act, beneficiary 2 could not have commenced an action when beneficiary 1's action was commenced. 25 80. Limited right to recover tax (1) This section applies in respect of an action by a person (a "claimant") to recover, or in relation to the recovery of, any money paid by way of tax or purported tax. page 43 Limitation Bill 2004 Part 6 Miscellaneous s. 81 (2) Any judgment by a court in favour of a claimant is to be for only that part of the amount claimed which the court is satisfied -- (a) has not been charged directly to or recovered directly 5 from another person or, if it has been so charged or recovered, has been refunded to the other person; (b) will not be charged directly to or recovered directly from another person; and (c) has not been incorporated into the price of or charge for 10 any property or services. (3) The claimant has the burden of satisfying the court as to the matters mentioned in subsection (2). 81. Limited operation of certain court orders as to refund of tax (1) This section applies when the effect of an order of a court (other 15 than a judgment mentioned in section 80(2)) is to oblige a taxing authority to refund any money paid by way of tax or purported tax. (2) A taxing authority is to refund only that part of a tax or purported tax which the taxing authority is satisfied -- 20 (a) has not been charged directly to or recovered directly from another person or, if it has been so charged or recovered, has been refunded to the other person; (b) will not be charged directly to or recovered directly from another person; and 25 (c) has not been incorporated into the price of or charge for any property or services. (3) The person to whom the refund is to be made has the burden of satisfying a taxing authority as to the matters mentioned in subsection (2). 30 (4) In this section -- "taxing authority" means a person who or which under an Act is responsible for the assessment or collection of any tax. page 44 Limitation Bill 2004 Miscellaneous Part 6 s. 82 82. Arbitrations -- commencement (1) For the purposes of this Act -- (a) if an arbitration provision requires or permits a party to the arbitration to give notice in writing to another 5 party -- (i) requiring the other party to appoint or concur in appointing an arbitrator; or (ii) requiring the other party to submit or concur in submitting a difference or matter to a person 10 named or designated in the provisions for arbitration as arbitrator; or (b) if, in a case to which paragraph (a) does not apply, a party to the arbitration takes a step required or permitted 15 by an arbitration provision for the purpose of bringing a difference or matter before an arbitrator and gives to another party notice in writing of the taking of the step, the arbitration is to be taken to have commenced, as between the party giving the notice and the party to whom the notice is 20 given, when the notice is given. (2) For the purpose of subsection (1), a notice is given when the notice is given -- (a) in accordance with the Interpretation Act 1984 section 76; or 25 (b) in a manner required or permitted by the provisions for arbitration, whichever occurs first.
[Index] [Search] [Download] [Related Items] [Help]