CIVIL AVIATION REGULATIONS 1988

Commonwealth Consolidated Regulations

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CIVIL AVIATION REGULATIONS 1988

- made under the Civil Aviation Act 1988

TABLE OF PROVISIONS

PART 1--PRELIMINARY

1. Name of Regulations
2. Interpretation
2AA. Meaning of ANZA mutual recognition agreements (Act s 3)
2A. Approved maintenance data
2B. Powers to issue directions etc
2C. How to read CASR
3. Application of regulations

PART 2--ADMINISTRATION AND ORGANISATION

4. CASA
5. Civil Aviation Orders
6. Authorised persons
6A. Identity cards

PART 4--AIRWORTHINESS REQUIREMENTS

Division 2--Foreign operators

29. Damage etc to aircraft of a Contracting State

Division 3--Certificates of approval, aircraft maintenance engineer licences, airworthiness authorities and aircraft welding authorities

29A. Interpretation
30. Certificates of approval
30AA. Provision of training and assessment in maintenance of aircraft etc.
30A. Changes to certificates of approval
32. Period during which certificates of approval remain in force
33. Testing of competency of holder of licence or authority
33B. Airworthiness authorities
33C. Application for aircraft welding authority
33D. Grant of aircraft welding authority
33E. Recognised authorities
33F. Duration of aircraft welding authority
33G. Renewal of aircraft welding authority
33H. Changes to aircraft welding authority
33I. Conditions of aircraft welding authority

Division 4--Miscellaneous

37. Permissible unserviceabilities

PART 4A--MAINTENANCE

Division 1--Maintenance directions by CASA

38. Maintenance directions

Division 2--Maintenance for which holder of certificate of registration responsible

Subdivision 1--Class A aircraft

39. Maintenance required by approved system of maintenance
40. Defective or inappropriate systems of maintenance

Subdivision 2--Class B aircraft

41. Maintenance schedule and maintenance instructions
42. Defective or inappropriate maintenance schedule
42A. Maintenance schedule: manufacturer's maintenance schedule
42B. Maintenance schedule: CASA maintenance schedule
42C. Maintenance schedule: approved system of maintenance
42CA. Maintenance schedule--primary, intermediate, restricted or limited category aircraft
42CB. Maintenance--experimental aircraft
42D. Can there be more than one maintenance schedule?
42E. Elections
42F. Effect of change of holder of certificate of registration

Subdivision 3--Miscellaneous

42G. Flight control system: additional requirements
42H. Exemptions and variations

Division 3--Approved systems of maintenance

42J. System of maintenance: request for approval
42K. System of maintenance: submission to CASA
42L. System of maintenance: matters to be included
42M. System of maintenance: approval
42N. When approval is effective
42P. Request for approval of changes
42Q. CASA may direct changes
42R. Approval of changes
42S. When approval of a change is effective
42T. All changes must be approved

Division 4--How maintenance is to be carried out

42U. Modifications and repairs: approved designs
42V. Maintenance: approved maintenance data
42W. Installation and use of aircraft components in maintenance--Australian aircraft in Australian territory
42WA. Requirements for authorised release certificate
42X. Use of aircraft materials in maintenance--Australian aircraft in Australian territory
42Y. Time-lifed aircraft components--exemption from supply under cover of document requirements
42Z. Removable items of radiocommunications equipment in VFR aircraft--exemption from certification requirements
42ZA. Use of aircraft components, aircraft materials etc in maintenance--Australian aircraft outside Australian territory
42ZB. Exemptions and variations

Division 5--Who may carry out maintenance

42ZC. Maintenance on Australian aircraft in Australian territory
42ZD. Maintenance on Australian aircraft outside Australian territory

Division 6--Certification of completion of maintenance

Subdivision 1--Maintenance in Australian territory

42ZE. Certification of completion of maintenance on aircraft in Australian territory
42ZF. Request for approval of system of certification
42ZG. Approval of system of certification
42ZH. When approval is effective
42ZJ. Changes to an approved system of certification
42ZK. Approval of changes
42ZL. When approval of a change is effective
42ZM. All changes must be approved

Subdivision 2--Maintenance outside Australian territory

42ZN. Certification of maintenance outside Australian territory

Subdivision 3--Miscellaneous

42ZP. Certification not to be made

Division 7--Exemptions from, and variations of, requirements

42ZQ. Requirements to which Division applies
42ZR. Application for exemption from, or variation of, requirements
42ZS. Granting of exemptions and approval of variations
42ZT. When grant or approval is effective
42ZU. Effect of grant of exemption or approval of variation

Division 8--Maintenance control manual and maintenance controller

42ZV. Maintenance controllers
42ZW. Approval of maintenance controllers
42ZX. Suspension or cancellation of approvals
42ZY. Maintenance control manuals
42ZZ. Maintenance control manuals: amendments
42ZZA. Inspection of maintenance control manuals

Division 9--Maintenance releases

43. Maintenance releases in respect of Australian aircraft
43A. Maintenance release to be available for inspection
43B. Time-in-service to be recorded on maintenance release
44. Conditions with respect to maintenance releases
45. Suspension or cancellation of maintenance release
46. Information to be passed to other persons
47. Maintenance release to cease to be in force
48. Maintenance release to recommence to be in force
49. Permissible unserviceabilities to be endorsed on maintenance releases
50. Defects and major damage to be endorsed on maintenance release

Division 10--Aircraft log books

50A. Aircraft log book
50B. Alternative to aircraft log book or section of aircraft log book
50C. Directions relating to aircraft maintenance records
50D. Inspection of records

Division 11--Miscellaneous

50E. Inconsistent requirements--resolution of inconsistencies
50F. Notice of maintenance to be given
50G. Copying or disclosing CVR information

PART 4B--DEFECT REPORTING

51. Reporting of defects in Australian aircraft--general
51A. Reporting of defects in Australian aircraft: major defects
51B. Defects discovered in complying with directions by CASA
52. Defects discovered in aircraft components
52A. How must reports to Authority be made?
52B. Keeping of defective aircraft and aircraft components
53. Investigation of defects of Australian aircraft

PART 4C--FLIGHT MANUALS

54. Registered operators to maintain aircraft flight manuals

PART 4D--REMOVAL OR ALTERATION OF DATA PLATES ETC.

56. Definitions for this Part
57. Removal or alteration of manufacturer's data plate
58. Removal or alteration of identification from heater assembly of manned balloon or propeller
59. Transfer of manufacturer's data plate to another aircraft etc prohibited
60. Removal of manufacturer's data plates

PART 5--BALLOON FLIGHT CREW LICENSING

Division 5.1--Balloon flight crew licensing--preliminary

5.01. Definitions for Part 5
5.02. What Part 5 is about
5.03. Authorisation--performing activities essential to operation of Australian balloons without commercial pilot (balloon) licence

Division 5.2--Balloon flight crew licensing--medical certificates

5.04. Medical certificate--balloon flight crew licence
5.05. Medical certificate--CAR certificate of validation
5.07. Medical certificate--flight tests

Division 5.3--Balloon flight crew licensing--licences, ratings and endorsements

5.08. Balloon flight crew licence--application
5.09. Balloon flight crew licence--issue
5.13. Balloon flight crew rating--application
5.14. Balloon flight crew rating--issue
5.17. Balloon flight crew rating--duration
5.18. Balloon flight crew rating--authority and flight tests
5.19. Balloon flight crew rating--flight tests
5.20. Balloon flight crew rating--approval to give training
5.23. Balloon class endorsement--issue

Division 5.4--Balloon flight crew licensing--certificates of validation

5.27. CAR certificate of validation--issue
5.30. CAR certificate of validation--overseas balloon authorisation information to be entered
5.31. CAR certificate of validation--effect
5.32. CAR certificate of validation--period of validity
5.33. CAR certificate of validation--offences

Division 5.5--Balloon flight crew licensing--general

5.40. Pilot acting in command under supervision
5.41. Balloon flight crew licence--tests and examinations
5.42. Balloon flight tests--CASA to be notified
5.50. Authorisation to test balloon
5.51. Personal log books
5.52. What must be recorded in a personal log book?
5.53. How long must a personal log book be retained?
5.54. Evidence of identity--CASA's powers
5.54A. Evidence of identity--examinations
5.56. Balloon flight crew licence--production etc.

Division 5.6--Balloon flight crew licensing--balloon flying schools

5.57. Balloon flying schools--transfer of student records
5.58. Balloon flying schools--chief balloon flying instructor
5.59. Syllabuses of training

Division 5.7--Balloon flight crew licensing--flight radiotelephone operator licence

5.61. Flight radiotelephone operator licence--issue
5.62. Flight radiotelephone operator licence--authorisation
5.63. Flight radiotelephone operator licence--conduct of examination and test

Division 5.11--Balloon flight crew licensing--commercial pilot (balloon) licences

5.138. Commercial pilot (balloon) licence--qualifications
5.139. Commercial pilot (balloon) licence--authorisation
5.140. Commercial pilot (balloon) licence--authorisation: balloon classes
5.141. Commercial pilot (balloon) licence--authorisation: balloon types
5.142. Commercial pilot (balloon) licence--rating required
5.143. Commercial pilot (balloon) licence--regular balloon flight reviews required
5.144. Commercial pilot (balloon) licence--recent experience requirements
5.145. Commercial pilot (balloon) licence--aeronautical experience required
5.146. Commercial pilot (balloon) licence--balloon flying training required
5.147. Commercial pilot (balloon) licence--flight tests

PART 7--NAVIGATION LOGS

77. Part 7 not to apply to New Zealand AOC holders with ANZA privileges
78. Navigation logs
79. Form of logs
80. Retention of logs
81. Directions under this Part

PART 8--RADIO SYSTEMS FOR USE IN, OR IN CONNECTION WITH, AIRCRAFT

82. Equipment of Australian aircraft with radiocommunication systems
82A. Use of radiocommunication systems: words and phrases to be used
83. Transmitting on aeronautical radio frequencies
84. Use and operation of radiocommunication systems by foreign aircraft
85. Directions under Part 8

PART 9--AERODROMES

Division 8--Use of aerodromes

92. Use of aerodromes
92A. Use of aerodromes in regular public transport operations
93. Protection of certain rights

Division 9--Removal or marking of obstructions or other hazards

94. Dangerous lights
95. Removal or marking of objects which constitute obstructions or potential hazards to air navigation
96. Dumping of rubbish

PART 10--AIR TRAFFIC SERVICES AND OTHER SERVICES

Division 1--Air Traffic Services

99AA. Air Traffic--Services, directions and instructions
99A. Broadcasts to be made at certain aerodromes
100. Compliance with air traffic control clearances and air traffic control instructions
101. Procedure when air traffic control not in operation
105. Temporary medical unfitness of holder of licence
115. Medical unfitness of holder of licence

Division 2--Meteorological services

120. Weather reports not to be used if not made with authority

Division 3--Statistical returns

132. Statistical returns

PART 11--CONDITIONS OF FLIGHT

Division 1--General

133. Conditions to be met before Australian aircraft may fly
135. Foreign aircraft of Contracting States
135A. Special flight authorisation
136. Foreign state aircraft
138. Pilot to comply with requirements etc of aircraft's flight manual etc
139. Documents to be carried in Australian aircraft
140. Prohibited, restricted and danger areas
143. Carriage of firearms
144. Discharge of firearms in or from an aircraft
145. Emergency authority
146. Liability as to neglect of rules regarding lights etc
147. Australian aircraft in or over territory of a State which is not a Contracting State

Division 2--Flight rules

149. Towing
150. Dropping of articles
151. Picking up of persons or objects
152. Parachute descents
153. Flight under simulated instrument flying conditions
155. Aerobatic manoeuvres
156. Flying over public gatherings
157. Low flying
158. Reports at designated points or intervals
159. Procedure on radio failure
159A. Power of CASA to issue instructions
159B. Manner of notifying instructions

PART 12--RULES OF THE AIR

Division 1--General

160. Interpretation
161. Right of way
162. Rules for prevention of collision
163. Operating near other aircraft
163AA. Formation flying
163A. Responsibility of flight crew to see and avoid aircraft

Division 2--Operation on and in the vicinity of aerodromes

Subdivision 1--General

164. Responsibility for compliance with rules of this Division
165. Temporary suspension of rules

Subdivision 2--Operating on and in the vicinity of non-controlled aerodromes

166. Definitions for Subdivision 2
166A. General requirements for aircraft on the manoeuvring area or in the vicinity of a non-controlled aerodrome
166B. Carrying out a straight-in approach
166C. Responsibility for broadcasting on VHF radio
166D. Designation of non-controlled aerodromes
166E. Requirements for operating on or in the vicinity of certified, military or designated non-controlled aerodromes

Subdivision 3--Controlled aerodromes, aerodromes at which the operation of aircraft is not restricted to runways, and preventing collisions on water

167. General requirements for aerodrome traffic at controlled aerodromes
168. Aerodromes at which the operation of aircraft is not restricted to runways
169. Preventing collisions on water

Division 3--Visual flight rules

170. Interpretation
171. V.F.R. flight
172. Flight visibility and distance from cloud
173. Cruising level to be appropriate to magnetic track
174. Determination of visibility for V.F.R. flights
174A. Equipment of aircraft for V.F.R. flight
174B. V.F.R. flights at night
174D. Navigation of aircraft on V.F.R. flight

Division 4--Instrument flight rules

175. I.F.R. flight
175A. Restriction on I.F.R. flights by single engine aircraft
176A. Determination of visibility and cloud base for I.F.R. flights
177. Equipment of aircraft for I.F.R. flight
178. Minimum height for flight under I.F.R.
179. Authorised instrument approach procedures to be used
179A. Navigation of aircraft on I.F.R. flight
180. Cruising levels for I.F.R. flights
181. Flight procedure for I.F.R. flight where cruising level cannot be maintained

Division 5--Operations in RVSM airspace

Subdivision 1--Preliminary

181A. What this Division does
181B. Definitions for this Division
181C. What is an RVSM airworthiness approval?
181D. What is an RVSM foreign airworthiness approval?
181E. What is an RVSM operational approval?

Subdivision 2--RVSM airworthiness approvals

181F. Application for RVSM airworthiness approval
181G. RVSM airworthiness approval
181H. How long RVSM airworthiness approvals remain in force
181I. Notice to RVSM airworthiness approval holder to show cause
181J. Cancellation of RVSM airworthiness approval

Subdivision 3--RVSM operational approvals

181L. Application for RVSM operational approval
181M. RVSM operational approval
181N. How long RVSM operational approvals remain in force
181O. Notice to RVSM operational approval holder to show cause
181P. Cancellation of RVSM operational approval
181Q. Removal of aircraft from RVSM operational approval--cancellation of airworthiness approval
181QA. Removal of aircraft from RVSM operational approval--holder ceasing to operate aircraft
181S. Requirements of Australian operator using Australian aircraft
181T. Requirements of Australian operator using foreign aircraft
181U. Monitoring height-keeping
181V. Telling CASA about cancellation of RVSM foreign airworthiness approval

Subdivision 4--Miscellaneous

181X. New registration marks

PART 13--SIGNALS FOR THE CONTROL OF AIR TRAFFIC

Division 1--Aerodrome traffic

182. Use of prescribed signals
183. Responsibility for complying with this Part
184. Two-way radiotelephony communication
185. Visual signals
186. Pilot in command to maintain look out for visual signals
187. Light signals
188. Pyrotechnic signals
189. Ground signals

Division 2--Special signals relating to danger areas, prohibited areas and restricted areas

190. Warning signal

Division 3--Emergency signals

191. Transmission of signals
192. Distress signals
193. Urgency signals
194. Safety signal

Division 4--Lights to be displayed by aircraft and lights and markings to be displayed on mooring cables

195. Compliance with rules about lights
196. Aeroplanes in flight or on the manoeuvring area of land aerodromes
197. Aeroplanes under way on the surface of water
198. Aeroplanes at anchor or moored on the surface of water
199. Aeroplanes aground on the surface of the water
200. Gliders
203. Airships

PART 14--AIR SERVICE OPERATIONS

Division 1A--AOCs with ANZA privileges

205. Additional conditions--Australian AOC with ANZA privileges

Division 1--General

206. Commercial purposes (Act, s 27(9))
207. Requirements according to operations on which Australian aircraft used
208. Number of operating crew
209. Private operations
210A. Flight time limitations
210B. Pilot in command under supervision

Division 2--Requirements to ensure the safety of commercial operations

211. Division 2 not to apply to New Zealand AOC holders with ANZA privileges
212. Operator
213. Organisation
214. Training of maintenance personnel
215. Operations manual
216. Flight time records
217. Training and checking organisation
218. Route qualifications of pilot in command of a regular public transport aircraft
219. Route qualifications of pilot in command of a charter aircraft
220. Fuel instructions and records
221. Facilities and safety devices for public
222. Proving tests

Division 3--Conduct of operations

222A. Division 3 not to apply to New Zealand AOC holders with ANZA privileges
223. Operator to ensure employees and flight crew familiar with local laws and regulations
224. Pilot in command
224A. Commercial operations carrying passengers--requirements if pilot in command 60 or more
225. Pilots at controls
226. Dual controls
227. Admission to crew compartment
228. Unauthorised persons not to manipulate controls
228A. Definition of qualified to taxi an aircraft
229. Operation of aircraft on ground--only qualified persons may taxi aircraft
230. Starting and running of engines
231. Manipulation of propeller
232. Flight check system
232A. Operational procedures in relation to computers
233. Responsibility of pilot in command before flight
234. Fuel requirements
234A. Oil requirements
235. Take-off and landing of aircraft etc
235A. Taking off from and landing on narrow runways--certain aeroplanes
238. Icing conditions
239. Planning of flight by pilot in command
240. Authority may issue instructions in relation to flight planning
241. Flight plans--submission to air traffic control in certain cases
242. Testing of radio apparatus
243. Listening watch
244. Safety precautions before take-off
245. Tests before and during the take-off run
246. Movement on manoeuvring area
247. Meteorological conditions observed en route
248. Reporting of defects

Division 4--General provisions relating to the operation of aircraft

248A. Division 4 not to apply to New Zealand AOC holders with ANZA privileges
249. Prohibition of carriage of passengers on certain flights
250. Carriage on wings, undercarriage etc
251. Seat belts and safety harness
252. Provision of emergency systems etc
252A. Emergency locator transmitters
253. Emergency and life-saving equipment
254. Exits and passageways not to be obstructed
255. Smoking in aircraft
256. Intoxicated persons not to act as pilots etc or be carried on aircraft
256AA. Offensive and disorderly behaviour
256A. Carriage of animals
257. Aerodrome meteorological minima
258. Flights over water
259. Manned free balloons
260. Manned fixed balloons and kites
262. Carriage of examiners

Division 5--Airborne collision avoidance systems--turbine-powered commercial aeroplanes

Subdivision 1--Definitions for Division 5

262AA. Definitions for Division 5

Subdivision 2--Airborne-collision avoidance systems--Australian turbine-powered commercial aeroplanes

262AB. Application of Subdivision 2
262AC. ACAS requirements--larger capacity aeroplanes: flights before 1 January 2014
262AD. ACAS requirements--larger capacity aeroplanes: flights on or after 1 January 2014
262AE. ACAS requirements--certain other aeroplanes
262AF. Serviceable ACAS must be activated during flight
262AG. Reporting unserviceable ACAS during flight
262AH. Reporting unserviceable ACAS before flight

Subdivision 3--Airborne collision avoidance systems--foreign turbine-powered commercial aeroplanes

262AI. Application of Subdivision 3
262AJ. ACAS requirements--turbine-powered commercial aeroplanes
262AJA. Serviceable ACAS must be activated during flight
262AJB. Reporting unserviceable ACAS during flight
262AJC. Reporting unserviceable ACAS before flight

Division 6--Operating limitations for aircraft certificated in certain categories and experimental aircraft

262AK. Application of this Division
262AL. Restricted category aircraft--operating limitations
262AN. Limited category aircraft--approved organisations
262AO. Provisionally certificated aircraft--operating limitations
262AP. Experimental aircraft--operating limitations
262APA. Light sport aircraft--operating limitations
262AQ. Primary category aircraft--operating limitations
262AR. Intermediate category aircraft--operating limitations
262AS. Where aircraft may be flight tested

PART 16--REFUSAL TO GRANT, AND SUSPENSION AND CANCELLATION OF, APPROVALS, AUTHORITIES, CERTIFICATES AND LICENCES

263. Interpretation
264. Refusal to grant certificate under Division 3 of Part 4
265. Suspension of licence or authority for purpose of examination
267. Variation of authority, certificate or licence at request of holder
269. Variation, suspension or cancellation of approval, authority, certificate or licence
270. Effect of effluxion of time for suspension of approval, authority, certificate or licence
272A. Effect of suspension of approval, authority, certificate or licence

PART 17--PENAL PROVISIONS AND PROSECUTIONS

Division 1--Penal provisions

282. Offences in relation to licences, certificates and authorities
286. Stowaways
287. Power of Court to order returns etc to be furnished
288. Detention of aircraft
289. Creation of fire hazard
290. Firearms--Federal airports
291. Stationary aircraft within precincts of an aerodrome
292. Aircraft on movement area to be reported
293. Removal of aircraft from movement area
294. Prohibition of entry etc on prohibited area

Division 2--Prosecutions

296. Time for commencing prosecutions

Division 3--Infringement notices

296A. Definitions for Division 3 of Part 17
296B. When can an infringement notice be served?
296C. Can an infringement notice be withdrawn?
296D. How are infringement notices and withdrawals of notices to be served?
296E. What must be included in an infringement notice?
296F. What happens if you pay the prescribed penalty?
296G. Evidentiary matters
296H. Can there be more than one infringement notice for the same offence?
296I. What if payment is made by cheque?
296J. This Division does not prevent a matter being prosecuted in a court and does not mean that an infringement notice must be served in all cases

PART 18--EVIDENCE

297. Evidence

PART 19--MISCELLANEOUS

297A. Review of decisions
298A. Cheating by examination candidates
298B. Examination misconduct by persons other than examination candidates
298C. Personation at examinations
298D. Person not permitted to sit examination until Tribunal decides
298E. Sitting examination when not permitted
299. Further examination of holders of flight crew licences etc.
301. Surrender of documents
302. Production of licences
303. Conditions subject to which licences or certificates are granted
304. Directions and instructions--section 23 of the Act
305. Access of authorised persons
306. Liability for damage to aircraft during official tests
309. Powers of pilot in command
309A. Instructions about activities on board aircraft

PART 20--TRANSITIONAL PROVISIONS

Division 1--Transitional provisions--miscellaneous

311. Transitional
312. Definition
313. Transitional: certificates of type approval
314. Transitional: certificates of airworthiness
315. Transitional: suspension of a certificate of airworthiness
318. Transitional: certificates of approval
319. Transitional: approval to manufacture amateur-built aircraft
320. Transitional: suspension of certificate of approval
321. Transitional: notices of events
323AA. Transitional--certain directions under regulation 166
323A. Transitional--determinations under regulation 178
324. Transitional: certain warnings
325. References to Parts, Divisions or Subdivisions renumbered by Civil Aviation Amendment Regulations 1999 (No. 6)

Division 2--Transitional provisions relating to Parts 42, 66, 145 and 147 of CASR

328. Application of Part 4A to aircraft
330. Application of Part 4B to aircraft
331. Application of Part 4B to Part 145 organisations--dealing with defects
332. Application of regulation 133 to aircraft

Division 3--Transitional provisions--amendments made by the Civil Aviation Legislation Amendment Regulation 2013 (No

333. Certain civil aviation authorisations not affected by substitution of Part 5 on 1 September 2014
334. Civil Aviation Orders for Part 5--balloons
335. Civil Aviation Orders--flight time limitations

Division 4--Transitional provisions--amendments made by the Civil Aviation Legislation Amendment (Maintenance and Other Matters) Regulation 2013

Subdivision 1--Transitional provisions

336. References to certification of completion of maintenance and authorised release certificates (regulation 42W)
337. Application of regulation 214 (Training of maintenance personnel)

Subdivision 2--Part 145 organisations approved to undertake CAR maintenance activities

338. Definition of approved system of certification of completion of maintenance
339. Compliance with regulation 42G (Flight control system: additional requirements)
340. Compliance with Division 4 of Part 4A (How maintenance is to be carried out)
341. Who may carry out maintenance for regulation 42ZC (Maintenance on Australian aircraft in Australian territory)
342. Application of regulations 42ZF to 42ZM (which deal with approved systems of certification of completion of maintenance)
343. Compliance with Part 4B (Defect reporting)
SCHEDULE 5 CASA maintenance schedule
SCHEDULE 6 CASA system of certification of completion of maintenance
SCHEDULE 7 Maintenance that must not be carried out on a Class B aircraft by a person referred to in paragraph 42ZC(4)(b)
SCHEDULE 8 Maintenance that may be carried out on a Class B aircraft by a person entitled to do so under subregulation 42ZC(4)
SCHEDULE 9 Maintenance control manual and maintenance controller

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